本文關(guān)鍵詞： 國(guó)家管轄范圍以外海洋保護(hù)區(qū) 國(guó)際法制度 國(guó)際社會(huì)整體利益　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著人類海洋活動(dòng)能力的增強(qiáng),國(guó)家管轄范圍以外海洋的生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞情況日益嚴(yán)重,如何有效保護(hù)國(guó)家管轄范圍以外海洋環(huán)境和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的問(wèn)題隨之出現(xiàn)。原有的針對(duì)單一物種的保護(hù)和特定污染的防護(hù)措施已不能滿足對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行綜合保護(hù)的需求。因此,針對(duì)國(guó)家管轄范圍以外特定海域劃定保護(hù)區(qū)的倡議持續(xù)升溫,實(shí)踐日趨增多。國(guó)家管轄范圍以外海洋保護(hù)區(qū)是指在國(guó)家管轄范圍以外區(qū)域劃定,為保護(hù)該區(qū)域的的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和生物多樣性,對(duì)該區(qū)域的人類活動(dòng)進(jìn)行管理的海洋區(qū)域。其本質(zhì)是對(duì)人類在國(guó)家管轄范圍以外海域的某些行為進(jìn)行限制或者禁止。對(duì)于公海、"區(qū)域"等國(guó)家管轄范圍以外區(qū)域,國(guó)家對(duì)這些區(qū)域本身沒(méi)有管轄權(quán)。因此,國(guó)家管轄范圍以外海洋保護(hù)區(qū)一經(jīng)提出,合法性便飽受國(guó)際社會(huì)的質(zhì)疑。雖然有歐盟等環(huán)保派大力推進(jìn)國(guó)家管轄范圍以外海洋保護(hù)區(qū)的建設(shè),并已有相關(guān)實(shí)踐,但也有挪威等反對(duì)派認(rèn)為其違反公海自由等國(guó)際法制度。國(guó)家管轄范圍以外海洋保護(hù)區(qū)最直接的法律基礎(chǔ)是區(qū)域性條約,然其相對(duì)效力無(wú)法為第三方設(shè)定在保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)采取環(huán)境保護(hù)措施的額外義務(wù),也無(wú)法為設(shè)立對(duì)第三方有約束力的國(guó)家管轄以外海洋保護(hù)區(qū)提供法律規(guī)范。《海洋法公約》等全球性國(guó)際條約的相關(guān)規(guī)定也無(wú)法為其提供直接和充分的國(guó)際法規(guī)范。聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)和《生物多樣性公約》締約方大會(huì)的相關(guān)決議推動(dòng)了國(guó)家管轄范圍以外海洋保護(hù)區(qū)有關(guān)國(guó)際法的擬定,但其并不是正式的國(guó)際法淵源。國(guó)家管轄以外海洋保護(hù)區(qū)制度還存在與公海自由等海洋法制度相沖突的問(wèn)題。基于現(xiàn)代國(guó)際法和海洋法日益重視維護(hù)國(guó)際社會(huì)整體利益,在相關(guān)國(guó)際法制度尚不完善的情況下,國(guó)家管轄范圍以外海洋保護(hù)區(qū)的發(fā)展應(yīng)以國(guó)際社會(huì)整體利益為指導(dǎo),使相關(guān)制度的構(gòu)建符合國(guó)際法的精神。在具體發(fā)展路徑上,要通過(guò)國(guó)際實(shí)踐的逐漸積累促進(jìn)海洋法制度的發(fā)展,同時(shí)在發(fā)展過(guò)程中堅(jiān)持國(guó)家主權(quán)和環(huán)境保護(hù)的統(tǒng)一、國(guó)際合作和共同但有區(qū)別的責(zé)任等原則,確保其真正符合國(guó)際社會(huì)整體利益。
[Abstract]:With the increasing capacity of human ocean activities, the ecological environment damage of the ocean beyond national jurisdiction is becoming more and more serious. The question of how to effectively protect the marine environment and ecosystems beyond the limits of national jurisdiction arises. The original protection measures against single species and specific pollution can no longer meet the requirements of integrated protection of ecosystems. Demand. So... The initiatives for the designation of protected areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction continue to heat up and practice is increasing. Marine protected areas beyond national jurisdiction refer to the delineation of areas beyond national jurisdiction. To protect the region's ecosystems and biodiversity. A maritime area regulating human activities in the area... the essence of which is to restrict or prohibit certain acts of human beings in areas beyond national jurisdiction... in relation to the high seas. Areas beyond national jurisdiction, such as the area, over which States do not have jurisdiction... therefore, marine protected areas beyond national jurisdiction are proposed. The legitimacy has been questioned by the international community. Although the European Union and other environmentalists vigorously promote the construction of marine protected areas beyond national jurisdiction, and has been related to practice. However, there are opponents such as Norway who believe that they violate the regime of international law, such as freedom of the high seas... the most direct legal basis for marine protected areas beyond national jurisdiction is a regional treaty. However, its relative effectiveness does not create an additional obligation for third parties to take environmental protection measures in protected areas. Nor can legal norms be provided for the establishment of marine protected areas beyond national jurisdiction that are binding on third parties. The relevant provisions of global international treaties, such as UNCLOS, cannot provide them with direct and adequate international legislation. Relevant resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations and the Conference of the parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity have contributed to the development of international law on marine protected areas beyond areas of national jurisdiction. However, it is not a formal source of international law. The system of marine protected areas beyond national jurisdiction also has the problem of conflict with the law of the sea system such as freedom of the high seas. Based on modern international law and the law of the sea, there is an increasing emphasis on safeguarding the integrity of the international community. Physical interests. The development of marine protected areas beyond national jurisdiction should be guided by the overall interests of the international community when the relevant international law regime is not yet perfect. To make the construction of the relevant system in line with the spirit of international law. In the specific development path, we should promote the development of the law of the sea system through the gradual accumulation of international practice. At the same time, we should adhere to the principles of unity of national sovereignty and environmental protection, international cooperation and common but differentiated responsibilities in the course of development, so as to ensure that they truly conform to the overall interests of the international community.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D993.5

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