發(fā)布時間：2018-01-28 07:06

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 烏木 無主物 先占 制度設(shè)計　出處：《華僑大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：先占,顧名思義就是比別人先占有,先占是所有權(quán)占有的原始方法之一,最先出現(xiàn)在羅馬法的萬民法中,在國外已經(jīng)形成了一種完善的立法例和判例。羅馬法采用的是先占自由主義的立法例,先占自由主義的適用對象包括了所有無主物,只要是沒有主人的物品都可以通過先占來取得所有權(quán)。日耳曼法繼承了羅馬法的先占制度,但是在一定程度上又進行了修正,該立法的核心依然是先占權(quán)主義。但是修正的范圍是對先占主體進行了限制,在日耳曼法的規(guī)定下,沒有被占有的固定主體只能由國家占有,而不固定的主體也是在法律允許的前提下由特定者占有�，F(xiàn)代民法又隨著時代的變遷發(fā)展為更適合社會的立法模式,即二元主義的立法例。二元主義立法例被廣泛應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)代立法當中,比較典型的體現(xiàn)有德國、日本和意大利等國家的民法立法。國外的先占制度已發(fā)展地這樣成熟,但我國法律中并沒有規(guī)定先占這一法律制度。雖然很多民法學(xué)者都有在其著作中談?wù)撨^先占制度,但最后我國法律還是沒有明確規(guī)定先占制度。先占制度的缺失給我國社會和司法的適用帶來了一些問題。特別是近年來有著很多諸如烏木等無主物的經(jīng)濟案糾紛發(fā)生,但最后由于我國沒有明確的法律制度,通常都以駁回起訴來結(jié)案。這些都不同程度地損害了當事人的利益。因此確立先占制度有著重要的意義。另外,隨著黨的十八屆四中全會的召開,明確提出了編纂中國民法典的目標�，F(xiàn)如今我國已經(jīng)啟動了民法典的編撰。在這個大背景下,先占制度作為所有權(quán)的原始取得方式之一,納入民法典也是必要的。但是我國的具體國情與其他現(xiàn)代國家有著本質(zhì)上的區(qū)別,無法對現(xiàn)有先占制度進行照搬沿用,因此,依據(jù)我國當前國情及律法情況來制定先占制定是勢在必行的。本文以極具典型的“彭州烏木案”為切入點,討論分析認為我國應(yīng)該通過立法設(shè)立先占制度,但設(shè)立的先占制度必須符合中國國情,必須考慮到中國社會與外國社會的文化、習(xí)俗的差異以及現(xiàn)代社會與傳統(tǒng)社會的不同�；�于此,本文為構(gòu)建具有中國特色的先占制度,主要從立法例的選擇、先占的構(gòu)成要件、先占的主客體范圍以及先占的限制等方面進行了闡述�？傊�,本文希望重新引起人們對先占制度的關(guān)注,并促成我國早日建立較為完善的先占制度。
[Abstract]:Preemption, as its name implies, is one of the original methods of possession of ownership, which is first found in the laws of the peoples of Roman law. In foreign countries has formed a kind of perfect legislation and case law. Roman law adopts the legislation of preemptive liberalism, the applicable object of preemptive liberalism includes all non-subject. Germanic law inherits the preemption system of Roman law, but to some extent it is amended. The core of the legislation is still preemptionism. But the scope of the amendment is to restrict the preemptive subject. Under the Germanic law, the fixed subject that has not been occupied can only be occupied by the state. The subject of immobility is also possessed by a specific person under the premise of the law, and the modern civil law has developed into a more suitable legislative model for the society with the change of the times. Dualism legislation is widely used in modern legislation, more typical embodiment of Germany. Japan, Italy and other countries, such as civil law legislation. Foreign preemption system has been developed so mature. But there is no legal system of preemption in Chinese law, although many civil law scholars have talked about preemption system in their works. However, the absence of preemption system has brought some problems to the application of our society and judicature. Especially in recent years, there have been many economic disputes such as ebony. It happened. But finally, because our country does not have a clear legal system, usually to dismiss the prosecution to close the case. These have damaged the interests of the parties to varying degrees. Therefore, the establishment of preemption system is of great significance. In addition. With the convening of the fourth Plenary session of the 18 CPC Central Committee, the goal of compiling the Chinese Civil Code has been clearly put forward. Now China has started the compilation of the Civil Code. As one of the original ways of obtaining ownership, it is also necessary to bring the preemption system into the Civil Code. However, the specific national conditions of our country are essentially different from those of other modern countries. Can not copy the existing preemption system, therefore, according to the current situation of our country and the law to formulate preemption is imperative. This article is based on a very typical "Pengzhou ebony case" as the starting point. The discussion and analysis suggest that China should establish the preemption system through legislation, but the established preemption system must conform to the national conditions of China and must take into account the culture of Chinese society and foreign society. Based on the differences between modern society and traditional society, this paper is mainly from the choice of legislative cases and the constituent elements of preemption in order to construct the preemption system with Chinese characteristics. In a word, this paper hopes to arouse people's attention to the preemption system again, and promote the establishment of preemption system at an early date in our country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華僑大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D923.2

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