發(fā)布時間：2018-02-06 02:23

  本文關鍵詞： 安樂死 刑法 制度構建　出處：《國際關系學院》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：安樂死雖然不是一個新問題,但是它是一個跨越多學科的問題,并且雖然對此問題的討論和研究已經經歷了很長時間,但是目前國內對此的研究多局限于對既有理論和經驗的介紹以及安樂死是否應當合法化及其合法化后可能造成的后果進行分析這幾個方面,缺乏對于安樂死引起的刑事責任進行具體的立法構建的研究。這造成司法實務中在面臨越來越多的此類案件時處于無法可依、同案不同判的尷尬境地,我國急需對于安樂死進行具體法律制度構建,因此對我國刑法中的安樂死制度構建進行討論具有深遠意義。不同學科立場以及刑法學立場上對于安樂死內涵的界定不同,刑法學也存在將安樂死劃分為積極安樂死和消極安樂死等分類方法。比較和探討不同學科立場尤其是刑法學立場對于安樂死的內涵及認定是研究安樂死在我國刑法中規(guī)制路徑的前提。通過對我國近年來所發(fā)生的“安樂死”典型案例進行理論分析,發(fā)現我國現階段對于安樂死相關案件的判決存在無法可依,判決標準不一致的情況。在眾多的相關案件中,法院在定罪階段認定當事人故意殺人罪的同時,在量刑上對這些案件紛紛適用了減輕的法定刑,且大多適用了緩刑。以故意殺人罪的法律規(guī)定來處理此類案件過于牽強,同時由于無法律明確規(guī)定造成了安樂死可能被利用作為實施故意殺人等犯罪行為的借口。荷蘭、比利時已經出臺了專門的安樂死法案,同時美國也已經通過判例對消極安樂死進行了規(guī)定,臺灣地區(qū)的《安寧緩和醫(yī)療條例》也對消極安樂死進行了規(guī)定。域外既有的較有代表性的安樂死制度構建思路對我國具有較強借鑒意義,包括:嚴格限制安樂死的實施對象和實施者、嚴格限制安樂死的實施目的以及嚴格限制安樂死的審批和監(jiān)督程序。設計出一套適應我國目前國情、立法水平等各方面情況的我國刑法中的安樂死制度具有其緊迫性和必要性。首先,在刑法層面從兩個方面入手:一是在《刑法》第20條和第21條對于正當防衛(wèi)和緊急避險的規(guī)定后加入積極安樂死,使其與正當防衛(wèi)和緊急避險并列成為一種新的免責事由;二是在《刑法》第232條故意殺人罪中加入一條出罪條款,即在人員、程序等方面均合乎法律規(guī)定的前提下實施積極安樂死結束他人生命的行為不構成故意殺人罪。其次,需要通過其他法律規(guī)范從安樂死的實施對象、實施者、實施過程、監(jiān)督等方面進行具體配套制度設計。在保持現有刑法條文結構平穩(wěn)性的同時,擺脫我國安樂死無法可依的尷尬境地。
[Abstract]:Euthanasia is not a new problem, but it is a multidisciplinary issue, and although the discussion and research on this issue has been going on for a long time, However, most of the domestic studies on this issue are limited to the introduction of existing theories and experiences and the analysis of whether euthanasia should be legalized and the possible consequences of its legalization. Lack of research on the specific legislative construction of the criminal liability caused by euthanasia. This has resulted in an awkward situation in the judicial practice in the face of more and more such cases. It is urgent for our country to construct the specific legal system of euthanasia, so it is of great significance to discuss the construction of euthanasia system in our criminal law. The classification of euthanasia into active euthanasia and passive euthanasia is also existed in criminal jurisprudence. Comparison and discussion on the connotation and determination of euthanasia in China from the standpoint of different disciplines especially from the standpoint of Criminal Law. Through the theoretical analysis of the typical cases of euthanasia in China in recent years, It is found that the judgment of euthanasia cases in our country at the present stage is unable to be relied upon and the judgment standard is inconsistent. In many related cases, the court found the parties guilty of intentional homicide at the same time when they were convicted. In terms of sentencing, these cases have been subject to reduced legal penalties, and most of them have been suspended. It is too far-fetched to deal with such cases with the legal provisions of intentional homicide. At the same time, the absence of a law specifically prescribing euthanasia may be used as an excuse for committing crimes such as intentional homicide. In the Netherlands, Belgium has introduced a special euthanasia act. At the same time, the United States has also passed legal precedents to regulate passive euthanasia. The "Peace and palliative Medical regulations" in Taiwan also provide for passive euthanasia. The thought of constructing a representative euthanasia system outside China has a strong significance for reference in our country. Including: strictly restricting the objects and perpetrators of euthanasia, strictly restricting the purpose of euthanasia, and strictly restricting the approval and supervision procedures for euthanasia. The euthanasia system in the criminal law of our country has its urgency and necessity. In the aspect of criminal law, there are two aspects: one is to add active euthanasia after the provisions of the 20th and 21st articles of the Criminal Law for justifiable defense and emergency avoidance, so that it becomes a new reason of exemption from liability alongside legitimate defense and emergency avoidance; Second, to add a crime clause to the crime of intentional homicide in Article 232 of the Criminal Law, that is, the act of actively euthanasia ending the life of another person on the premise that the personnel and procedure are in accordance with the law does not constitute the crime of intentional homicide. It is necessary to design specific supporting systems from the aspects of euthanasia objects, implementers, implementation process, supervision and so on through other legal norms. At the same time, while maintaining the smooth structure of the existing articles of criminal law, Get rid of our country euthanasia can not rely on the embarrassing situation.
【學位授予單位】：國際關系學院
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D924.3

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本文編號：1493347