基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步對(duì)我國(guó)人身保險(xiǎn)的影響研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-09 11:01
【摘要】：由基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新帶來(lái)的基因檢測(cè)成本的降低和檢測(cè)時(shí)間的縮短,首先影響著我們的醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域,為其診療疾病提供了新的思路。但同時(shí)基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新性發(fā)展也影響了其他領(lǐng)域,主要包括保險(xiǎn)和就業(yè)領(lǐng)域。本文主要針對(duì)基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步對(duì)人身保險(xiǎn)領(lǐng)域的影響進(jìn)行探討。 一方面,在人身保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,保險(xiǎn)人面臨的首要的問題為將是否使用基因信息作為承保的條件。投保人則以基因隱私權(quán)和平等權(quán)來(lái)反對(duì)這種“基因歧視”。目前在人身保險(xiǎn)核保過程中,是否允許保險(xiǎn)人使用基因信息存在較大的爭(zhēng)議：倫理學(xué)家和法學(xué)家呼吁禁止基因歧視,目前歐美等一些國(guó)家立法也以禁止保險(xiǎn)公司在人身保險(xiǎn)核保過程中使用基因信息為主。我國(guó)在立法方面應(yīng)借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家立法經(jīng)驗(yàn),同時(shí)應(yīng)綜合考慮國(guó)內(nèi)保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)和醫(yī)療市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。 另一方面,保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)有其獨(dú)有的運(yùn)行規(guī)則,保險(xiǎn)人遵循“保費(fèi)負(fù)擔(dān)公平原則”和“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)選擇原則”。保險(xiǎn)人根據(jù)所面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大小而確定相應(yīng)的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率,例如在身體狀況相同的情況下,一個(gè)吸煙者的費(fèi)率將會(huì)比一個(gè)不吸煙者的費(fèi)率高,同時(shí)保險(xiǎn)公司可以拒絕承保具有高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的。因此保險(xiǎn)業(yè)得以有效運(yùn)行正是基于這種建立在保險(xiǎn)精算基礎(chǔ)上的“區(qū)別對(duì)待”。因此,立法的任務(wù)在于尋找人身保險(xiǎn)核保過程中基因信息合理使用的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并依此建立法律制度以規(guī)制保險(xiǎn)公司在核保過程中對(duì)基因信息的使用,平衡保險(xiǎn)公司與投保人雙方的利益與成本。 現(xiàn)階段基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)尚未大規(guī)模普及,除了已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)單一致病基因與疾病發(fā)生之間具有確定的關(guān)系之外,大部分致病基因與疾病發(fā)生機(jī)理還未確定。為防止保險(xiǎn)人濫用基因信息,造成對(duì)投保人的基因歧視,我們應(yīng)首先確立在一般情況下禁止保險(xiǎn)人使用基因信息的法律。 隨著基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,基因檢測(cè)成本進(jìn)一步降低,投保人將可以自行檢測(cè)以獲知個(gè)體基因信息,形成投保人信息優(yōu)勢(shì)。通過博弈分析發(fā)現(xiàn),投保人將出現(xiàn)逆向選擇,此時(shí)由于保險(xiǎn)人受制于一般禁止性的基因歧視原則,無(wú)法對(duì)所面臨的基因風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行合理區(qū)分,最終將破壞商業(yè)保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)的正常運(yùn)行,使得保險(xiǎn)人因無(wú)法獲得利潤(rùn)而退出市場(chǎng)。 基因檢測(cè)成本的下降,使得個(gè)體的基因信息將更加容易獲取,未來(lái)基因技術(shù)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展以及臨床統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建立后,基因與未來(lái)疾病的發(fā)生關(guān)系將更加精確。為維護(hù)保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)的正常運(yùn)行,這時(shí)將會(huì)允許保險(xiǎn)雙方都可以使用基因信息,這時(shí)人身保險(xiǎn)所涉及的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將會(huì)發(fā)生演變：(1)身體不含致病基因的個(gè)體將不再投保人身保險(xiǎn)；(2)必然致病的個(gè)體將被拒保；(3)保險(xiǎn)人所承保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將為介于前兩者之間的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)�？杀ｏL(fēng)險(xiǎn)的分類也將更加細(xì)化,導(dǎo)致大數(shù)定律賴以使用的基數(shù)變小。同時(shí),隨著基因技術(shù)進(jìn)步這項(xiàng)客觀條件的不斷變化,過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)用于預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)情況存在溢出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這時(shí),大數(shù)定律可能逐漸失效。 本文共分六章： 第1章緒論。 第2章基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)的革新性發(fā)展。本章從基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)出現(xiàn)以來(lái)開始論述,主要論述了進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)后檢測(cè)技術(shù)的飛速進(jìn)步所帶來(lái)的在基因檢測(cè)領(lǐng)域的革新性發(fā)展。本章還將對(duì)基因體檢與常規(guī)體檢進(jìn)行區(qū)別分析,同時(shí)對(duì)基因信息與常規(guī)檢測(cè)信息之間的異同進(jìn)行論述。通過本章論述,主要闡述革新性的新一代基因檢測(cè)技術(shù),造成檢測(cè)成本大幅降低,作為本文論文論述的現(xiàn)實(shí)背景。同時(shí)對(duì)基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)與人身保險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)行相關(guān)論述。 第3章基因歧視與基因立法。本章從基因歧視的概念入手,對(duì)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外人身保險(xiǎn)領(lǐng)域存在的基因歧視問題進(jìn)行了梳理。 第4章保險(xiǎn)雙方使用基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)產(chǎn)生的問題及博弈分析。本章通過博弈分析,得出未來(lái)隨著基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,保險(xiǎn)雙方對(duì)是否使用基因信息將會(huì)經(jīng)歷兩次博弈,形成三個(gè)階段。第一階段為一般性禁止保險(xiǎn)人使用基因信息的第一階段,第二階段投保人大量進(jìn)行逆向選擇階段,第三階段保險(xiǎn)雙方均可利用基因信息階段。 第5章基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步對(duì)我國(guó)人身保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)的影響。本章在前文分析的基礎(chǔ)上,首先針對(duì)目前各國(guó)針對(duì)保險(xiǎn)領(lǐng)域基因歧視的立法進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單評(píng)析,同時(shí)借鑒國(guó)外立法狀況,在目前階段的我國(guó)立法給出良好的建議。然后從健康保險(xiǎn)和壽險(xiǎn)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)分別進(jìn)行分析,探討基因技術(shù)發(fā)展帶來(lái)的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。 第6章主要結(jié)論與展望。
[Abstract]:The cost reduction and time reduction of gene detection brought by the innovation of gene detection technology first affect our medical field and provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. But the innovation of gene detection technology also affects other fields, including insurance and employment. The impact of measurement technology progress on the field of life insurance is discussed.
On the one hand, with the advancement of genetic testing technology in the life insurance market, the most important question for insurers is whether to use genetic information as a condition of insurance coverage. In the larger controversy: ethicists and jurists call for the prohibition of genetic discrimination. At present, legislation in some countries, such as Europe and America, mainly prohibits insurance companies from using genetic information in the process of life insurance verification. Show the situation.
On the other hand, the insurance market has its own rules, the insurer follows the "fair premium burden principle" and "risk selection principle". The insurer determines the corresponding premium rate according to the risk faced, for example, in the same physical condition, a smoker's premium rate will be higher than a non-smoker's premium rate. Therefore, the effective operation of the insurance industry is based on this "differential treatment" based on the actuarial basis. Therefore, the task of legislation is to find the criteria for judging the rational use of genetic information in the process of life insurance verification and insurance, and establish a legal system accordingly. To regulate the use of genetic information by insurance companies in the process of checking insurance, and balance the interests and costs of both the insurance company and the insured.
In order to prevent the insurer from abusing genetic information and causing genetic discrimination against the insured, we should first establish the general situation. The law prohibits insurers from using genetic information.
With the further development of genetic testing technology, the cost of genetic testing will be further reduced, and the insured will be able to detect their own genetic information to obtain the information superiority of the insured. Reasonable differentiation of genetic risks will eventually destroy the normal operation of the commercial insurance market and make insurers withdraw from the market because they can not make profits.
In order to maintain the normal operation of the insurance market, both insurers and insurers will be allowed to use genetic information. When the risk involved in life insurance will evolve: (1) the body does not contain pathogenic genes will no longer be insured; (2) the inevitable pathogenic individuals will be rejected; (3) the insurer's insurance risk will be between the first two risks. The classification of insurable risks will also be more refined, leading to the basis on which the law of large numbers is based. At the same time, as the objective condition of genetic technology advances, past experience is used to predict future spillover risks. At this time, the law of large numbers may gradually become invalid.
This article is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter is introduction.
Chapter 2: Innovative Development of Gene Detection Technology. This chapter begins with the appearance of Gene Detection Technology, mainly discusses the innovative development in the field of gene detection brought about by the rapid progress of detection technology in the new century. The difference and similarity between the detection information are discussed. Through this chapter, the innovative new generation of gene detection technology, resulting in a significant reduction in detection costs, as the realistic background of this paper. At the same time, the relationship between gene detection technology and life insurance is discussed.
Chapter 3 Gene Discrimination and Gene Legislation. Starting from the concept of genetic discrimination, this chapter combs the current problems of genetic discrimination in the field of life insurance at home and abroad.
Chapter 4: Problems and Game Analysis of Gene Detection Technology Used by Insurers and Insurers The second stage involves a large number of adverse selection stages, and the third stage involves the use of genetic information by both parties.
Chapter 5: The impact of genetic testing technology progress on China's life insurance market. On the basis of the previous analysis, this chapter firstly makes a brief comment on the legislation against genetic discrimination in the field of insurance in various countries, and at the same time draws lessons from foreign legislative situation, gives good suggestions in the current stage of China's legislation. In the field of insurance, we analyzed the opportunities and challenges brought about by the development of genetic technology.
The sixth chapter is the main conclusion and prospect.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：R440;F842.62
本文編號(hào)：2232187
[Abstract]:The cost reduction and time reduction of gene detection brought by the innovation of gene detection technology first affect our medical field and provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. But the innovation of gene detection technology also affects other fields, including insurance and employment. The impact of measurement technology progress on the field of life insurance is discussed.
On the one hand, with the advancement of genetic testing technology in the life insurance market, the most important question for insurers is whether to use genetic information as a condition of insurance coverage. In the larger controversy: ethicists and jurists call for the prohibition of genetic discrimination. At present, legislation in some countries, such as Europe and America, mainly prohibits insurance companies from using genetic information in the process of life insurance verification. Show the situation.
On the other hand, the insurance market has its own rules, the insurer follows the "fair premium burden principle" and "risk selection principle". The insurer determines the corresponding premium rate according to the risk faced, for example, in the same physical condition, a smoker's premium rate will be higher than a non-smoker's premium rate. Therefore, the effective operation of the insurance industry is based on this "differential treatment" based on the actuarial basis. Therefore, the task of legislation is to find the criteria for judging the rational use of genetic information in the process of life insurance verification and insurance, and establish a legal system accordingly. To regulate the use of genetic information by insurance companies in the process of checking insurance, and balance the interests and costs of both the insurance company and the insured.
In order to prevent the insurer from abusing genetic information and causing genetic discrimination against the insured, we should first establish the general situation. The law prohibits insurers from using genetic information.
With the further development of genetic testing technology, the cost of genetic testing will be further reduced, and the insured will be able to detect their own genetic information to obtain the information superiority of the insured. Reasonable differentiation of genetic risks will eventually destroy the normal operation of the commercial insurance market and make insurers withdraw from the market because they can not make profits.
In order to maintain the normal operation of the insurance market, both insurers and insurers will be allowed to use genetic information. When the risk involved in life insurance will evolve: (1) the body does not contain pathogenic genes will no longer be insured; (2) the inevitable pathogenic individuals will be rejected; (3) the insurer's insurance risk will be between the first two risks. The classification of insurable risks will also be more refined, leading to the basis on which the law of large numbers is based. At the same time, as the objective condition of genetic technology advances, past experience is used to predict future spillover risks. At this time, the law of large numbers may gradually become invalid.
This article is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter is introduction.
Chapter 2: Innovative Development of Gene Detection Technology. This chapter begins with the appearance of Gene Detection Technology, mainly discusses the innovative development in the field of gene detection brought about by the rapid progress of detection technology in the new century. The difference and similarity between the detection information are discussed. Through this chapter, the innovative new generation of gene detection technology, resulting in a significant reduction in detection costs, as the realistic background of this paper. At the same time, the relationship between gene detection technology and life insurance is discussed.
Chapter 3 Gene Discrimination and Gene Legislation. Starting from the concept of genetic discrimination, this chapter combs the current problems of genetic discrimination in the field of life insurance at home and abroad.
Chapter 4: Problems and Game Analysis of Gene Detection Technology Used by Insurers and Insurers The second stage involves a large number of adverse selection stages, and the third stage involves the use of genetic information by both parties.
Chapter 5: The impact of genetic testing technology progress on China's life insurance market. On the basis of the previous analysis, this chapter firstly makes a brief comment on the legislation against genetic discrimination in the field of insurance in various countries, and at the same time draws lessons from foreign legislative situation, gives good suggestions in the current stage of China's legislation. In the field of insurance, we analyzed the opportunities and challenges brought about by the development of genetic technology.
The sixth chapter is the main conclusion and prospect.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：R440;F842.62
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