發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-06 05:19

  本文選題：士子階層 + 大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)��； 參考：《南京師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：在中國(guó)歷史上,“士”的演變是個(gè)極其復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)象。在傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)的不同時(shí)期,因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)政治結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,傳統(tǒng)士子階層先后經(jīng)歷了先秦的形成和崛起、兩漢魏晉的轉(zhuǎn)變與固化以及唐宋的擴(kuò)展和厘定等不同演變,終于在清末民初的近代社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型中再次分化。在此期間,士子的社會(huì)角色亦由游士變?nèi)迳�、從儒生再成士大夫。然后回歸士人身份,最后在古代史后期成為士紳。同時(shí),伴隨傳統(tǒng)士子扮演社會(huì)角色的變化,士子階層的文化精神發(fā)生了從“士志于道”到“崇儒尚德”、再到“道法自然”、而后升華到“以天下為己任”的演化。最后,在近代化的過程中,“以天下為己任”的士子階層展現(xiàn)了“自強(qiáng)不息”的行為特質(zhì)。透過這些紛繁多姿的外像,我們看到盡管士子的社會(huì)角色不斷變換,但士子階層始終堅(jiān)持在師生相傳的承繼下開展終身性的學(xué)問研習(xí);我們同樣看到無論不同時(shí)期的士子階層文化精神怎樣不同,士子階層著眼大群的人倫關(guān)懷是以一貫之的。進(jìn)入近代社會(huì),伴隨由戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)失敗而引起的新式商業(yè)興起和社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變化,傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)階層(士子階層)在近代教育體系適應(yīng)社會(huì)需要的進(jìn)程中逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槎嘣�職業(yè)工作者。其中,由傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)階層直接轉(zhuǎn)化而成為的或接受新式教育而成為的新時(shí)代知識(shí)人成為傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)階層社會(huì)責(zé)任和文化精神的直接繼承者。與此同時(shí),中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)高等教育制度經(jīng)過清末學(xué)堂化帶來的教育體制、課程內(nèi)容和教育方法的變革以及民國(guó)初期教育機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)校化伴隨的現(xiàn)代大學(xué)理念和管理方式的確立而基本實(shí)現(xiàn)其現(xiàn)代化。在傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)階層進(jìn)入高等教育界和現(xiàn)代大學(xué)的成批建立的背景下,一個(gè)個(gè)支撐新大學(xué)生成的校長(zhǎng),逐漸成為具有很強(qiáng)社會(huì)影響力的個(gè)體,在群體的視角下,即是大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)群體。正是這一批具有舊時(shí)代遺民特質(zhì)和新時(shí)代開拓精神的民國(guó)大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)為中國(guó)大學(xué)的現(xiàn)代化做出了奠基性的貢獻(xiàn),亦由此展現(xiàn)了令當(dāng)代人不斷回念卻又難以重拾的精神風(fēng)貌。在民國(guó)大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)執(zhí)掌學(xué)校的過程中,他們以發(fā)于本能的情感、具有影響力的言論、強(qiáng)有力的實(shí)踐和不畏艱難的堅(jiān)守,呈現(xiàn)了以民族和文化的復(fù)興為目的的“愛國(guó)精神”;他們以對(duì)傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)階層尚學(xué)、篤學(xué)學(xué)風(fēng)的承繼和對(duì)西方大學(xué)高深學(xué)問理念的借鑒,發(fā)見并踐行了以“高深學(xué)問”大學(xué)觀、“誠(chéng)篤治學(xué)”教師聘任準(zhǔn)則和對(duì)學(xué)生“忠行厚學(xué)”期待為內(nèi)涵的“篤學(xué)精神”;他們以多育并舉而完滿學(xué)生健全人格的教育理念和成就學(xué)生生命價(jià)值的犧牲精神、奉獻(xiàn)精神和服務(wù)精神的教導(dǎo)彰顯了他們對(duì)待學(xué)生的“厚生”理念;他們以對(duì)教育事業(yè)矢志不渝的熱情、對(duì)校長(zhǎng)職責(zé)的扎實(shí)推動(dòng)和對(duì)自身工作的長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)守,構(gòu)建了秉承文化責(zé)任感與民族使命感的“敬業(yè)精神”。在西學(xué)東漸、民族危亡的時(shí)代背景下,民國(guó)大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)作為傳統(tǒng)文化的繼承者和中華民族的一份子,堅(jiān)持教育救國(guó)道路,致力于發(fā)展中國(guó)高等教育事業(yè),實(shí)有一種宗教般的精神。近代中國(guó)自鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)開始,以新中國(guó)的成立而終結(jié),歷時(shí)百余年。其間歷經(jīng)各種社會(huì)沖突、思想潮流和文化變遷,極其復(fù)雜。在涉及整個(gè)社會(huì)的傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代的矛盾中,近代知識(shí)階層中的大多數(shù)旗幟鮮明地選擇推進(jìn)社會(huì)的現(xiàn)代化。在近代知識(shí)階層中,有這么一批大學(xué)校長(zhǎng),他們以建立現(xiàn)代的中國(guó)大學(xué)為目標(biāo),以極其卓越的精神奠基了現(xiàn)代大學(xué)的制度基礎(chǔ)。民國(guó)大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)致力于完成高等教育從傳統(tǒng)到現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)變的努力是中國(guó)近代社會(huì)從傳統(tǒng)到現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)變的一部分,充分展現(xiàn)大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)們從傳統(tǒng)到現(xiàn)代的精神關(guān)懷。這份以人倫關(guān)懷為精神來源、以自強(qiáng)不息為行為特質(zhì)、以從傳統(tǒng)到現(xiàn)代為時(shí)代任務(wù)的精神關(guān)懷再次呈現(xiàn)了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)階層那份源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)而又堅(jiān)定不移的文化責(zé)任感和民族使命感。
[Abstract]:In Chinese history, the evolution of the "Scholar" is a very complicated phenomenon. In the different periods of the traditional society, because of the changes in the social and political structure and the economic structure, the traditional scholar stratum has experienced the formation and rise of the pre Qin Dynasty, the transformation and curing of the Han and Wei Jin Dynasties, the expansion and determination of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and finally the people in the late Qing Dynasty. During the early modern social transformation, the social role of the scholar was also changed from the scholar to the Confucian scholar, from the Confucian scholar to the scholar bureaucrat. Then, he returned to the scholar's identity, and finally became the gentry in the later period of the ancient history. In the course of modernization, the "self - responsibility" of "the world as its own" is shown in the course of modern modernization. Through these numerous and diverse images, we see that though the social roles of the men are constantly changing, we see the men and women. The class has always adhered to the study of lifelong learning under the inheritance of teachers and students. We also see that the different stratum's cultural spirit is different in different periods, and the scholar and sub class focus on the large group of human concern, which has always been in the modern society, with the new business rise and social structure change caused by the loss of war. The traditional knowledge stratum (scholar sub class) has gradually changed into multiple professional workers in the process of adapting the modern educational system to the social needs. Among them, the new era intellectuals, which have been transformed directly from the traditional knowledge stratum, become the direct successors of the social responsibility and cultural spirit of the traditional knowledge stratum. At the same time, the traditional Chinese higher education system has been modernized by the reform of the educational system brought by the late Qing Dynasty, the reform of the course content and the educational methods, and the establishment of the modern university concept and management mode, which is accompanied by the school education of the early Republic of China. Under the background of the establishment of the new university, the principals that support the new university gradually become the individuals with strong social influence. In the view of the group, it is the group of university presidents. It is the foundation of the university presidents of the Republic of China for the modernization of the Chinese University with the characteristics of the old people and the pioneering spirit of the new era. In the course of the presidents of the Republic of the Republic of China, they presented the "patriotic spirit" with the purpose of the revival of the people and the culture. In order to learn from the traditional knowledge class, to learn the inheritance of the style of study, and to learn from the profound knowledge of the western universities, we have seen and practise the "profound learning" view of the University, the principle of "sincere study" of the teachers and the "spirit of learning" for the students' expectation of "faithful learning". The education concept and the sacrifice spirit of the student's life value, the dedication spirit and the service spirit highlight the "thick life" idea that they treat the students; they have a strong passion for the education, the solid promotion of the responsibilities of the principals and the long-term persevering of their own work, and the construction of the sense of cultural responsibility and the national cause. In the era of Western learning and national crisis, the president of the Republic of China, as the successor of the traditional culture and a part of the Chinese nation, insisted on the way of saving the country and committed to the development of China's higher education, and had a religious spirit. Modern China began with the Opium war and became a new China. It lasted for more than a hundred years. During the period of social clashes, ideological trends and cultural changes were extremely complex. In the contradictions involving the traditional and modern society of the whole society, most of the modern intellectuals chose to promote the modernization of the society. In the modern knowledge class, there were such a group of university principals, who built them. The aim of the modern Chinese University is to lay a foundation for the institutional foundation of modern universities. The efforts of the presidents of the Republic of China to complete the transformation of higher education from tradition to modern times are part of the transformation of modern Chinese society from traditional to modern, which fully displays the spiritual care of University presidents from traditional to modern. The spiritual concern of human concern as the spiritual source, and the spiritual care of the time task from the traditional to the modern, and the long and unswerving sense of cultural responsibility and the sense of national mission of the Chinese traditional knowledge stratum.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：G647.1

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本文編號(hào)：1985297