發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-03 02:30

  本文選題：保險(xiǎn)法因果關(guān)系 + 近因原則�。� 參考：《中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：集千家之財(cái)，解一家之困。當(dāng)今社會(huì)，保險(xiǎn)已然成為分散風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，消化損失的一項(xiàng)重要經(jīng)濟(jì)制度，它消化損失的功能是通過作為保險(xiǎn)主體一方的保險(xiǎn)公司給予保險(xiǎn)另一方即保險(xiǎn)相對(duì)人1保險(xiǎn)賠償金來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。因此，，當(dāng)某種保險(xiǎn)事故發(fā)生后，保險(xiǎn)相對(duì)人能否得到賠償，須明確保險(xiǎn)事故與損害之間的因果關(guān)系。近因原則就是尋找保險(xiǎn)事故與保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的損失之間因果關(guān)系，從而確定保險(xiǎn)人應(yīng)否承擔(dān)保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任的一項(xiàng)原則。 近因原則起源于英美法系的海上保險(xiǎn)，并在1906年《英國(guó)海上保險(xiǎn)法》首次立法確認(rèn)。但由于英美法系各國(guó)是判例法系國(guó)家，他們重視對(duì)個(gè)案的分析而忽視對(duì)理論的歸納，致使“近因”一詞的內(nèi)涵至今也無一定論。目前，認(rèn)定近因原則的學(xué)說主要有“時(shí)空說”、“效果說”及“折衷說”。 從國(guó)外來看，近因原則在兩大法系中的地位迥異。在英美關(guān)系中，各國(guó)普遍將近因原則規(guī)定為認(rèn)定保險(xiǎn)法因果關(guān)系的主導(dǎo)原則。英美法系的大法官們?cè)谂邪高^程中，不僅解決當(dāng)事人的爭(zhēng)議和糾紛，平衡雙方的利益，同時(shí)也承擔(dān)起豐富法學(xué)原理的神圣職責(zé)。他們?cè)诖罅颗袥Q書中對(duì)近因原則作了豐富而詳盡的討論：實(shí)現(xiàn)了近因原則認(rèn)定學(xué)說由“時(shí)空說”向“效果說”的轉(zhuǎn)變，形成了“鏈條理論”、“常識(shí)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”判定方法等，使近因原則在不斷運(yùn)用中日臻成熟。而在大陸法系，近因原則的運(yùn)用卻一再遭到排斥。從立法上看，大陸法系國(guó)家未將近因發(fā)展為一項(xiàng)判定保險(xiǎn)法因果關(guān)系的基本原則在立法中予以規(guī)定；從保險(xiǎn)法學(xué)界研究來看，大陸法系國(guó)家對(duì)保險(xiǎn)法因果關(guān)系的認(rèn)定也是百家爭(zhēng)鳴，主要有條件說、義務(wù)射程說、相當(dāng)因果關(guān)系說、比例因果關(guān)系說等，但對(duì)近因原則卻持反對(duì)態(tài)度，僅在海上保險(xiǎn)法領(lǐng)域，曾有學(xué)者建議將近因原則作為相當(dāng)因果關(guān)系說的補(bǔ)充學(xué)說予以適用。 在我國(guó)，保險(xiǎn)法理論界普遍承認(rèn)了近因原則的重大意義和地位，保險(xiǎn)實(shí)務(wù)界也廣為流傳一句話：判斷責(zé)任看近因，決定賠償看范圍。近因原則似乎成為一種不言自明的法律思維。然而遺憾的是，我國(guó)現(xiàn)行法律體系中，無論是《保險(xiǎn)法》還是《海商法》，對(duì)近因原則只字未提。保險(xiǎn)法理論界對(duì)其研究和闡述也不盡充分。分析其原因：一是由于我國(guó)受大陸法系因果關(guān)系理論的影響深遠(yuǎn)，致使我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)法領(lǐng)域?qū)�近因原則不夠重視，少有學(xué)者對(duì)其作全面而細(xì)致的研究。二是近因原則理論本身復(fù)雜，許多概念尚處于眾說紛紜之態(tài)。可以說，近因原則被我國(guó)立法和司法實(shí)踐正確認(rèn)知和采納都需一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)實(shí)踐的過程。 然而，長(zhǎng)期性不應(yīng)成為法律發(fā)展和完善的阻礙。由于法律文化、法律環(huán)境及具體國(guó)情的巨大差異，立法者在確立一個(gè)新的法律原則之時(shí)躑躅不前，猶豫不決，是值得理解的，但因此而長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不做任何立法上的努力，便會(huì)導(dǎo)致保險(xiǎn)法律體系不完整，更嚴(yán)重的是，對(duì)我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)實(shí)踐和司法實(shí)踐產(chǎn)生極大的負(fù)面影響。 近因原則具有完善保險(xiǎn)法律體系，平衡雙方保險(xiǎn)利益，保障理賠有章可循及有效防止道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的制度價(jià)值，而且具有在我國(guó)立法上的必要性和可行性，因此，近因原則在我國(guó)立法上應(yīng)有獨(dú)立地位，應(yīng)在《保險(xiǎn)法》中明確規(guī)定近因原則。同時(shí)，通過在保險(xiǎn)合同中的明示與說明，司法解釋中的具體規(guī)定，保險(xiǎn)習(xí)慣與慣例的適當(dāng)引入以及對(duì)一因一果和多因一果的類型化分析，保障近因原則在保險(xiǎn)實(shí)踐與司法實(shí)踐中的具體應(yīng)用。
[Abstract]:In today's society, insurance has become an important economic system for dispersing risks and digesting losses. The function of it to digest losses is realized by the insurance company that is a party of insurance to the other party, the insurance counterpart, 1 insurance compensation. It is necessary to identify the causal relationship between the insurance accident and the damage. The principle of proximate cause is to find the causal relationship between the insurance accident and the loss of the insurance mark, so as to determine whether the insurer should bear the liability of insurance.
The principle of proximate cause originated from the maritime insurance of the Anglo American law system and the first legislation of the British Maritime Insurance Law in 1906. But because the countries of the Anglo American law system are the case law countries, they attach importance to the analysis of the case and ignore the induction of the theory, so that the connotation of the word "proximate cause" is not certain. At present, the study of the principle of proximate cause is to be found. There are mainly "space-time theory", "effect theory" and "compromise theory".
From abroad, the position of the principle of proximate cause is very different in the two legal systems. In the relationship between Britain and America, the principle of proximate cause is generally defined as the leading principle of determining the causation of the insurance law. In the process of judging the case, the judges of the Anglo American Law system not only solve the disputes and disputes of the parties, balance the interests of the two sides, but also take on the rich law of law. They have made a rich and detailed discussion of the principle of proximate cause in a large number of judgments: the realization of the transformation of the theory of the recognition of the principle of proximate cause from the "theory of space-time" to the "effect", and the formation of the "chain theory", "common sense standard" determination method, and so on, to make the principle of proximate cause mature in continuous application. Legal system, the application of the principle of proximate cause has been repeatedly rejected. From the legislative point of view, the civil law countries have not formulated the basic principles of the development of the proximate cause as a basic principle of determining the causation of the insurance law. From the study of the insurance law, the cognizance of the causality of the insurance law in the civil law countries is also contending, and the main conditions are said. In the compulsory range, the theory of causality is quite causality, but it is opposed to the principle of proximate cause. Only in the field of marine insurance law, some scholars have suggested that the principle of proximate cause should be applied as a complementary theory of considerable causality.
In our country, the theoretical circle of insurance law universally acknowledges the significance and status of the principle of proximate cause, and the insurance practice circle has also widely circulated a sentence: judging the immediate cause of responsibility and determining the scope of compensation. The principle of proximate cause seems to be a kind of self-evident legal thinking. However, it is regrettable that in our current legal system, whether it is the insurance law or < < < The theoretical circle of the insurance law has not been fully studied and expounded by the theoretical circle of the insurance law. The reasons are as follows: one is that our country is deeply influenced by the theory of causality in the continental law system, resulting in insufficient attention to the principle of proximate cause in the field of insurance law in China, and few scholars have made comprehensive and meticulous research on it. Two is the principle of proximate cause. The theory itself is complex, and many concepts are still in different opinions. It can be said that the principle of proximate cause is correctly recognized and adopted by our country's legislation and judicial practice.
However, long-term nature should not be a hindrance to the development and perfection of law. Due to the great differences in legal culture, legal environment and specific national conditions, it is worth understanding that lawmakers wander and hesitate to establish a new legal principle, but it is worth understanding, but for a long time, no legislative effort will lead to the legal system of insurance. More complete and more serious, it has a great negative impact on China's insurance practice and judicial practice.
The principle of proximate cause has the system value of perfecting the insurance legal system, balancing the interests of the two sides, ensuring the institutional value of the claim that the claim is organized and effectively preventing the moral hazard, and it has the necessity and feasibility in our country's legislation. Therefore, the principle of proximate cause should have an independent position in the legislation of our country, and the principle of proximate cause should be clearly defined in the insurance law. The concrete application of the principle of close cause in the practice of insurance and the judicial practice is ensured through the explicit instructions and instructions in the insurance contract, the specific provisions of the judicial interpretation, the proper introduction of the insurance habits and practices, and the type analysis of a result of a fruit and a cause.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D922.284

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