【摘要】：海運(yùn)提單法律制度從產(chǎn)生到演變,到大規(guī)模的發(fā)展,經(jīng)歷了近二、三百年的時(shí)間。隨著全球貿(mào)易的快速發(fā)展,提單所起到的作用也正在加大,關(guān)乎到國(guó)際民生的重要問(wèn)題。在提單作用不斷提高的同時(shí),為調(diào)整有關(guān)于提單的法律關(guān)系,使提單相關(guān)各方的合法權(quán)益得到維護(hù)和平衡,鼓勵(lì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和海運(yùn)提單的使用和交易,方便國(guó)際物流運(yùn)輸,多數(shù)國(guó)家都以成文法或者判例法對(duì)海運(yùn)提單進(jìn)行了新的界定和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)范,這才促使單法律制度的完善和進(jìn)一步規(guī)范。 提單的流轉(zhuǎn)意味著提單的流通性,提單的流轉(zhuǎn)在于它在不同主體問(wèn)的流動(dòng)性,也就在于它的轉(zhuǎn)讓性,當(dāng)然提單也一直被認(rèn)為是可以轉(zhuǎn)讓的,有的國(guó)際貿(mào)易研究甚至認(rèn)為,提單的實(shí)質(zhì)就在于它的轉(zhuǎn)讓性。提單的流轉(zhuǎn)性在國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)中的意義重大,不了解提單的可轉(zhuǎn)讓性就很難真正理解國(guó)際貿(mào)易的法律。 提單流轉(zhuǎn)可能產(chǎn)生多方面的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)然,提單是可以流轉(zhuǎn)的,但是也不是所有的提單在什么樣的條件下都可以隨便轉(zhuǎn)讓的。只有在國(guó)際貨物買賣中,法律雙方在所有的法律要件齊備的情況下,不違法國(guó)際貨物買賣的規(guī)則等前提下,提單就可以轉(zhuǎn)讓了。也就是說(shuō),當(dāng)完全符合法律轉(zhuǎn)讓的條件下,轉(zhuǎn)讓的提單才能真正的發(fā)生所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移,達(dá)到提單轉(zhuǎn)讓的效果。 大多數(shù)關(guān)于提單的法律性質(zhì)的討論還沒(méi)形成統(tǒng)一的理論,但是在一些點(diǎn)上國(guó)際貨物買賣中的一些法律問(wèn)題還是有些一致的地方。例如,在物權(quán)關(guān)系中,占有權(quán)憑證說(shuō)和證券憑證說(shuō)的地位逐漸提高,而且有取代所有權(quán)憑證說(shuō)的趨勢(shì),現(xiàn)在也成為兩種主流學(xué)說(shuō)。在債權(quán)關(guān)系中,作為一種有獨(dú)立性的法律關(guān)系,提單債權(quán)關(guān)系也得到了大家的廣泛認(rèn)可。 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易發(fā)展的過(guò)程中,隨著海運(yùn)逐漸成為主流的運(yùn)輸方式,提單的作用也不段的加強(qiáng)。提單不在單單像提單剛產(chǎn)生時(shí)候的樣子,僅僅作為船公司或承運(yùn)人給貨主或賣方的收據(jù)。而是成為國(guó)際貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸中約束提單所有人或持有人相對(duì)于承運(yùn)人的一種權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系。提單現(xiàn)在也成為一種船公司對(duì)貨主的一種承諾,只要有人持有提單,就認(rèn)為存在著給付貨物的義務(wù)；或者說(shuō)存在著債權(quán)債務(wù)的關(guān)系。這也是在近一個(gè)世紀(jì)的航海運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的一種約定。在這樣的發(fā)展中,提單的債權(quán)關(guān)系也是逐步發(fā)展確立的。 所以說(shuō)真正知道提單的法律性質(zhì),對(duì)我們關(guān)于提單流轉(zhuǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是有積極的作用的。
[Abstract]:The legal system of maritime bill of lading has gone through nearly two or three hundred years from emergence to evolution and large-scale development. With the rapid development of global trade, the role of bill of lading is also increasing, which is related to the important issues of international people's livelihood. While the role of bills of lading is increasing, in order to adjust the legal relationship between bills of lading, safeguard and balance the legitimate rights and interests of all parties concerned, encourage the development of the global economy and the use and transaction of bills of lading by sea, and facilitate international logistics and transport, Most countries have carried on the new definition and the standard norm to the maritime bill of lading with the statute law or the case law, this only then impels the single legal system consummation and the further norm. The circulation of bill of lading means the liquidity of bill of lading. The circulation of bill of lading lies in its liquidity in different subjects, that is, its transferability. Of course, bill of lading has always been considered transferable, and some international trade studies even think that, The essence of bill of lading lies in its transferability. The transferability of bill of lading is of great significance in international trade practice. It is difficult to really understand the law of international trade without knowing the transferability of bill of lading. The circulation of bills of lading may give rise to many problems. Of course, bills of lading can be transferred, but not all bills of lading can be transferred casually under what conditions. The bill of lading can be transferred only in the international sale of goods under the condition that all the legal elements are complete and the rules of international sale of goods are not violated. In other words, when the legal transfer conditions are fully met, the transferred bill of lading can really transfer ownership and achieve the effect of bill of lading transfer. Most of the discussions on the legal nature of bills of lading have not yet formed a unified theory, but some of the legal issues in the international trade of goods are still somewhat consistent in some ways. For example, in the relation of real right, the status of possession certificate theory and securities certificate theory has been gradually improved, and there is a tendency to replace the ownership certificate theory, and now it has become two mainstream theories. In the relationship of creditor's rights, as an independent legal relationship, the relationship of bill of lading claims has also been widely recognized by everyone. In the process of the development of international trade, with the gradual becoming the mainstream mode of transport by sea, the role of bill of lading is not strengthened. The bill of lading is not just as it was at the time of the bill of lading, but as a receipt from the shipping company or carrier to the consignor or seller. Instead, it becomes a kind of right and obligation relationship that restricts the owner or holder of bill of lading relative to the carrier in international trade and transportation. Bill of lading is now also a commitment of shipping companies to shippers, as long as someone holds a bill of lading, there is an obligation to pay the goods, or there is a debt-to-debt relationship. This is also a kind of agreement produced in the course of navigation and transportation for nearly a century. In this kind of development, the creditor's rights relationship of bill of lading is also gradually developed and established. Therefore, to really know the legal nature of the bill of lading has a positive effect on our risk of bill of lading circulation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D996.19

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