本文選題：求偶交配 + 物種識別　； 參考：《中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：蝴蝶是重要的觀賞昆蟲,極具藝術(shù)價(jià)值、觀賞價(jià)值和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,同時(shí)還在科學(xué)研究和環(huán)境指示等方面發(fā)揮重要作用。本文首先對青斑蝶成蟲飛行、訪花、求偶交配和產(chǎn)卵行為特征進(jìn)行觀察,然后探究了求偶過程中青斑蝶成蟲種間識別機(jī)制和白帶鋸?fù)惖上x兩性識別機(jī)制,最后對青斑蝶蛹期和成蟲期聯(lián)系性學(xué)習(xí)行為進(jìn)行研究,旨在加深對蝶類物種間和兩性間交流機(jī)制及蝴蝶與其環(huán)境的進(jìn)化適應(yīng)關(guān)系的認(rèn)識,并為構(gòu)建蝴蝶飛舞自然景觀提供理論依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1、青斑蝶成蟲行為學(xué)特征通過跟蹤觀察青斑蝶雌雄成蟲期的飛行、訪花、求偶、交配和產(chǎn)卵行為特征及其活動規(guī)律,將蝴蝶成蟲期分為4個階段:交配前期階段,覓食階段,求偶交配階段和產(chǎn)卵階段。交配前期階段:羽化第1~6天,從成蟲羽化到運(yùn)動器官發(fā)育成熟階段。成蟲羽化與溫度密切相關(guān),青斑蝶蛹在溫度23.5℃時(shí)羽化。成蟲一生中的飛行高峰期為羽化后第9~13天;日飛行高峰:10:00~13:00和15:00~18:00。從羽化到死亡,雄蝶飛行總次數(shù)及總時(shí)間分別是752.5次和176.6 min,雌蝶為713次和276.1 min。覓食階段:羽化第2~16天,該階段補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)和促進(jìn)生殖器官發(fā)育。成蟲羽化第2天開始訪花,訪花高峰期在第8~13天;日訪花高峰:11:00~12:00和16:00~17:00。雄蝶一生中訪花總次數(shù)及總時(shí)間分別是51次和112.9 min,雌蝶為37.5次和90.1 min。求偶交配階段:羽化第5~13天,雌雄成蟲花費(fèi)的總時(shí)間分別為510.4 min和511.7 min。產(chǎn)卵階段:羽化第7~15天,日產(chǎn)卵高峰在12:00~14:00和15:00~17:00,雌蝶產(chǎn)卵用時(shí)17.9 min。雄蝶平均壽命為16.5±0.7天,雌蝶壽命15天�？傊�,成蟲飛行時(shí)間占總活動時(shí)間的22.1%(♂)和30.8%(♀),訪花時(shí)間占14.1%(♂)和10.1%(♀),求偶和交配占63.8%(♂)和57.1%(♀),產(chǎn)卵占2.0%(♀)。成蟲生命活動圍繞生殖過程進(jìn)行,直接與生殖相關(guān)的交配活動花費(fèi)時(shí)間較長,飛行可能與生殖系統(tǒng)成熟相關(guān),而訪花則為成蟲的生命活動提供營養(yǎng)和能量。2、蝴蝶求偶過程中行為特征及對視覺信號的利用通過對青斑蝶、虎斑蝶和達(dá)摩鳳蝶雌雄成蟲求偶行為、對模型的追逐行為以及雌雄翅膀特征進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果表明:蝶類求偶是雄蝶積極主動追逐雌蝶,雄蝶處于主動而雌蝶處于被動地位,求偶中發(fā)現(xiàn)雄追雌、雄追雄、雌追雄和雌追雌4種追逐現(xiàn)象。在求偶過程中,一般認(rèn)為翅膀色彩在雌雄蝶識別異性中扮演重要角色,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)3種蝴蝶在求偶中識別異性有3種不同的信息利用方式。虎斑蝶可能僅靠嗅覺信息識別異性;青斑蝶可能對色彩不敏感,以嗅覺為主;達(dá)摩鳳蝶可能對色彩敏感,以視覺為主。3、求偶過程中雌雄蝶的種間識別機(jī)制除視覺信號外,嗅覺信號也在蝶類求偶識別中扮演重要角色。首先探究了青斑蝶識別同類利用的嗅覺信息,檢測到青斑蝶雌蝶蟲體揮發(fā)物15種,雄蝶18種,其中共有的14種;共有揮發(fā)物中相對含量較高的是β-羅勒烯(♀和♂分別占總揮發(fā)物的87.52%和92.87%)和β-蒎烯(♀占1.91%,♂占1.99%),且這2種物質(zhì)均來自蟲體揮發(fā)物而非性信息素。觸角電位實(shí)驗(yàn)和行為實(shí)驗(yàn)證明β-羅勒烯是青斑蝶識別同類的重要物質(zhì),而β-蒎烯不參與該識別過程。青斑蝶在識別同類時(shí)對視覺和嗅覺信號的利用權(quán)重實(shí)驗(yàn)表明該蝶能夠同時(shí)利用視覺信號和嗅覺信號識別同類,但對嗅覺信號的利用權(quán)重大于視覺信號。4、求偶過程中雌雄蝶的兩性識別機(jī)制探究了視覺和嗅覺信息在白帶鋸?fù)惖鄣R別兩性中扮演的作用,翅膀模型和打印的紙模型引誘實(shí)驗(yàn)表明僅依靠視覺信息,雄蝶能夠識別雌雄兩性。翅膀特征和行為實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)雄蝶識別雌蝶利用的視覺信息,不是翅膀大小而是翅膀顏色差異。且追逐對象的振翅運(yùn)動在雄蝶求偶追逐中發(fā)揮一定的作用。嗅覺信息方面,檢測到雌蝶蟲體揮發(fā)物21種,雄蝶20種,雪松醇為雌蝶特有。行為實(shí)驗(yàn)證明雪松醇是雄蝶近距離精確辨別異性的化學(xué)信息。因此,白帶鋸?fù)惖鄣軌蛲瑫r(shí)利用視覺和嗅覺信息識別兩性。在遠(yuǎn)距離定位異性主要靠視覺信息,在近距離精準(zhǔn)識別配偶主要靠嗅覺信息。利用視覺(翅膀)模型、嗅覺(蟲體)模型和正常蝴蝶(視覺和嗅覺均有)探究白帶鋸?fù)惖频谧R別兩性時(shí)對視覺和嗅覺信號的利用權(quán)重,結(jié)果表明白帶鋸?fù)惖频靡曈X或嗅覺信息均能識別雌雄兩性,雌蝶在識別兩性時(shí)較偏愛同時(shí)有視覺和嗅覺信息的雄蝶。5、青斑蝶聯(lián)系性學(xué)習(xí)行為探究了青斑蝶蛹期和成蟲期聯(lián)系性學(xué)習(xí)行為及青斑蝶雌雄成蟲學(xué)習(xí)能力差異,首次發(fā)現(xiàn)青斑蝶對蛹期氣味經(jīng)歷具有學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力,且該經(jīng)歷會影響羽化后成蟲的覓食選擇。青斑蝶在成蟲期將花香揮發(fā)物α-蒎烯與食物資源進(jìn)行聯(lián)系性學(xué)習(xí)的能力較強(qiáng)。學(xué)習(xí)效率與訓(xùn)練次數(shù)有關(guān),訓(xùn)練次數(shù)越多,學(xué)習(xí)效率不一定越高,學(xué)習(xí)效果較好的時(shí)間為3~4天。本研究證實(shí)青斑蝶成蟲對α-蒎烯氣味偏好性的改變并非生理性成熟所致,而是學(xué)習(xí)訓(xùn)練的結(jié)果。還發(fā)現(xiàn)青斑蝶雄蝶對標(biāo)志性刺激物α-蒎烯和乙酸乙酯的學(xué)習(xí)能力強(qiáng)于雌蝶,與通常認(rèn)為的雌蝶學(xué)習(xí)效率高于雄蝶不同,可能是雌雄蝶對花蜜需求量的差異、對色彩的學(xué)習(xí)能力差異和觸角感器差異等原因造成。6、蝴蝶成蟲釋放誘集及蝴蝶飛舞景觀構(gòu)建探究了顏色和氣味信息對蝴蝶覓食的引誘作用,設(shè)計(jì)出一種在蝴蝶放飛后引誘蝴蝶的裝置。該裝置包括合適的假花顏色(白色、黃色和紅色)、引誘劑(α-蒎烯)和彩燈顏色(七色彩燈),根據(jù)放飛環(huán)境可將其制成簾狀裝置和圓形環(huán)裝裝置。在飼喂成蟲時(shí)用α-蒎烯進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)訓(xùn)練3天,每天訓(xùn)練3次。每次放飛200只可形成較好的蝴蝶飛舞景觀。在野外,簾狀裝置對青斑蝶和金斑蝶的最高引誘率為59%和84%,環(huán)狀裝置對這2種蝶的最高引誘率分別為71%和70%,表明該引誘裝置對蝴蝶引誘效果較好,在一定程度上實(shí)現(xiàn)了蝴蝶飛舞自然景觀。
[Abstract]:Butterfly is an important ornamental insect with great artistic value, ornamental value and economic value. At the same time, it plays an important role in scientific research and environmental instruction. This paper first observed the characteristics of the flying, flower visiting, mating and spawning behavior of the adults, and then explored the identification mechanism of the adult species in the process of courtship. In order to deepen the understanding of the mechanism of interspecies communication between butterflies and interspecies and the evolutionary adaptation of butterflies to the environment, and to provide a theoretical basis for constructing the natural landscape of butterfly flying, the main research results are as follows: 1, the behavior characteristics of the adult of spbutterfly spbutterflies were observed by tracking the characteristics of flying, visiting flowers, courtship, mating and oviposition and their activity rules. The adult stage of butterfly was divided into 4 stages: early mating stage, foraging stage, mating stage and spawning stage. Early mating stage: feathering from adult to 1~6 days, from adult feathering to The adult growth stage. Adult emergence and temperature are closely related to the temperature of the pupa. The pupa is feathered at 23.5 centigrade. The flight peak of the adult is 9~13 days after the emergence of the adult. The daily flight peak: 10:00~13:00 and 15:00~18:00. from the emergence to death, the total number and total time of the male butterfly are 752.5 and 176.6 min, and the female butterfly is 713 times, respectively. And 276.1 min. foraging stage: feathering on the 2~16 day, supplementation and development of reproductive organs at this stage. Adults began to visit flowers on the second day of adult emergence, and the peak period of visiting flowers was on day 8~13; the peak of daily visiting flowers in the daily life of 11:00~12:00 and 16:00~17:00. male butterflies were 51 times and 112.9 min respectively, and the female butterfly was 37.5 and 90.1 min. courtship. Mating stage: the total time spent on 5~13 days was 510.4 min and 511.7 min. spawning stages, respectively: day 7~15, 12:00~14:00 and 15:00~17:00, and 16.5 + 0.7 days for female 17.9 min. males and 15 days of female butterfly life. And 30.8%, the visit time is 14.1% and 10.1%, the courtship and the mating account for 63.8%, 57.1%, and 57.1%. The adult life activities are around the reproductive process, and the reproductive related mating activity takes a long time, and the flight may be related to the maturation of the reproductive system, while the visiting flower provides camp for the adult's life activities. Breeding and energy.2, the behavior characteristics and the use of the visual signal in the butterfly courtship process, the chasing behavior of the model and the characteristics of the male and female wings are analyzed by the courtship of the female and male adult of the butterfly, the butterfly and the Damour. The results show that the butterfly courtship is the male butterfly actively pursuing the female butterfly, the male butterfly is in the initiative and the female butterfly is in the body. In the courtship, 4 kinds of pursuit phenomenon are found in the courtship. In the process of courtship, the color of the wings is generally considered to play an important role in the identification of the female and male butterfly. This study found that there are 3 different ways of information utilization in the 3 species of butterfly in the courtship. Sex is not sensitive to color, and it may be insensitive to color, mainly with sense of smell; Damour may be sensitive to color, with vision as the main.3. In the process of courtship, the identification mechanism of female and male butterfly is not only visual signal, but also the olfactory signal plays an important role in the identification of butterfly type. There are 15 species of volatiles in the female sphene and 18 species of male butterfly, of which 14 species are in total; the relatively high content of the common volatiles is beta - alenene (87.52% and 92.87% of the total volatiles, respectively) and beta pinene (1.91%, 1.99%), and these 2 substances are derived from the volatiles of the insect body but not the sex pheromones. The antennae potential experiment and the behavior reality It is proved that beta - alenene is an important substance for the identification of the same kind, while beta pinene does not participate in the identification process. The use of weight experiments on visual and olfactory signals in the identification of the same species shows that the butterfly can recognize the same kind using visual signal and olfactory signal at the same time, but the use weight of the olfactory signal is greater than the visual signal.4. The male and female sex identification mechanism in the process of male and female butterfly explores the role of visual and olfactory information in the identification of the male and female in the white band of the leucorrhea sawbutterfly. The wing model and the printed paper model show that the male butterfly can identify male and female sex only depending on the visual information. Information is not the size of the wings but the difference in the color of the wings. And the winged motion of the pursuit of the object plays a certain role in the pursuit of the male chasing. In the sense of smell information, there are 21 kinds of female sphenoid volatiles, 20 male butterflies, and the characteristic of the female. The behavioral experiment shows that the cedar is the chemical information of the male butterfly to distinguish the opposite sex accurately. Therefore, the male butterfly male is able to identify both sexes using visual and olfactory information at the same time. In the distance, the opposite sex depends mainly on the visual information. The precise identification of spouses in the near distance depends on the olfactory information. The visual (wing) model, the olfactory (insect body) model and the normal butterflies (both vision and smell) are used to identify the female butterfly in the white band. The use of the weight of the visual and olfactory signals in the sexes shows that the female butterfly of the white band sawing butterfly uses visual or olfactory information to identify male and female sex, and the female butterfly favors the male.5 with visual and olfactory information when identifying the sexes. The difference in the learning ability of the adult female and male adult was found. It was first found that the scent experienced the learning and memory ability of the pupa period, and the experience would affect the foraging choice of the adult adult. The more times, the higher the learning efficiency is, the better time for learning is 3~4 days. This study confirms that the change in the odor preference of alpha pinene is not the result of physiological maturity, but the result of learning and training. The female butterfly learning efficiency is higher than that of the male butterfly, which may be the difference in the nectar demand of the female and male butterfly, the difference in color learning ability and the difference of the antennae caused by the.6, the butterfly release and the butterfly flying landscape construction to explore the attraction of color and smell to the butterfly foraging. A device that lures butterflies after a butterfly is released. The device includes a suitable artificial flower color (white, yellow and red), attractant (alpha pinene) and color lamp color (seven color color lights). The device can be made into a curtain and circular ring installation according to the setting. In feeding the adult, it is trained with alpha pinene for 3 days, 3 times a day. In the field, the maximum attractant rate of the curtain device to the butterfly and the butterfly is 59% and 84% in the field. The maximum attractant rate of the ring device to the 2 butterflies is 71% and 70% respectively, indicating that the attractant effect of the lure device to the butterfly is better, and the natural landscape of butterfly flying is realized on a certain range.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：Q968

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本文編號：1900388