發(fā)布時間：2018-01-01 05:00

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：抗戰(zhàn)大后方公教人員日常生活及心態(tài)嬗變研究　出處：《西南大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 大后方 公教人員 日常生活 心態(tài)

【摘要】：“公教人員”是對政府公務(wù)員和學(xué)校教職員的統(tǒng)稱,在民國社會,公教人員是一個精英階層,公務(wù)員是政府的執(zhí)政基礎(chǔ),保證政府的正常運(yùn)作;教職員則是政府的“智庫”,為政府提供智力支持。公教人員又是一個中間階層,是政府和民眾的聯(lián)接紐帶,在思想領(lǐng)域起著控制、教化和引領(lǐng)“民心”的作用。因此,公教人員對于現(xiàn)代社會的政治、文化都發(fā)揮著重要作用。尤其是抗戰(zhàn)時期的大后方公教人員,內(nèi)遷比例非常之高,不論從自身階層來看,還是從整個內(nèi)遷移民來看都是如此。更重要的是,公教人員是政府和國民抗戰(zhàn)到底的精神支柱,公教人員的心態(tài)變化和由此引發(fā)的群體行為,對于戰(zhàn)后中國歷史的走向以及該階層的歷史進(jìn)程,都是不容忽視的�？谷諔�(zhàn)爭使中國作為一個傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)國被卷入了一場現(xiàn)代化戰(zhàn)爭。整個戰(zhàn)爭期間,除了軍事壓力是迫在眉睫的威脅之外,國民政府堅持長期抗戰(zhàn)面臨的最大問題即是財政問題,面對內(nèi)憂外患,國民政府由于生產(chǎn)能力和自救能力的不足,只能以濫發(fā)紙幣的方式來飲鴆止渴,由此帶來的必然后果就是惡性通貨膨脹,進(jìn)而引發(fā)物價不可遏制的飛漲,最終導(dǎo)致國民生活陷入困境,這既是一種連鎖反應(yīng),也是一種惡性循環(huán)。在通貨膨脹中受影響最大的是公教人員階層,由于恪守傳統(tǒng)“士人”“謀道不謀食”的生活準(zhǔn)則,這一階層往往缺乏自我謀生能力,戰(zhàn)爭的暴發(fā)又剝奪了他們額外的經(jīng)濟(jì)來源,因此,在抗戰(zhàn)時期,公教人員只能完全依賴政府薪金生活。在大后方的特定歷史時空中,隨著物價飛漲的愈演愈烈,公教人員日常生活受到極大影響,真正淪入了“十儒九丐”的地步。更重要的是,隨著公教人員經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的滑落,自身尚且難保,更遑論成為民眾的精神領(lǐng)袖。戰(zhàn)時社會“士農(nóng)工商”傳統(tǒng)秩序的本末倒置,公教人員經(jīng)濟(jì)地位和社會地位的同時滑落,使馬斯洛所說人的“生理、安全、愛、尊重和自我實(shí)現(xiàn)”這五種基本需要無一得到滿足。這無疑擊穿公教人員作為現(xiàn)代“士人”能夠安貧樂道的底線,進(jìn)而由物質(zhì)的“不夠”產(chǎn)生精神的“不平”,公教人員的群體心態(tài)也經(jīng)歷了對國民政府由擁護(hù)到離心,直至對立的嬗變。大后方公教人員的心態(tài)嬗變可分為以下幾個階段:一、大后方公教人員心態(tài)的過渡期(1937-1939)1937年全面抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后,中國最為富庶的沿海地區(qū)迅速淪陷,使國民政府的收入驟減,所幸的是,中國是一個農(nóng)業(yè)國,影響物價的最主要因素是糧食而非工業(yè)品,1937年、1938年,大后方連續(xù)兩年糧食豐收,在一定程度上延緩了物價的上漲。對于初到大后方的公教人員來說,還有著法幣對地方貨幣的兌換優(yōu)勢以及中央人對地方人的心理優(yōu)勢,更重要的是,公教人員普遍為“天下興亡,匹夫有責(zé)”的傳統(tǒng)道義感所裹挾,也為“抗日救亡”的民族情緒所激勵,這時公教人員普遍呈現(xiàn)“亢奮心態(tài)”,在行動上則積極投身于抗日救亡運(yùn)動;1939年,隨著日軍攻勢的加強(qiáng),大后方與華東各省、印度支那的聯(lián)系被切斷,同時大批難民涌入大后方,使外援減少而內(nèi)耗加大。此時的公教人員,生活水準(zhǔn)下降,戰(zhàn)局的不利,也使公教人員開始認(rèn)識到戰(zhàn)爭的持續(xù)性和艱巨性,前期的亢奮心態(tài)開始冷卻,代之以“沮喪心態(tài)”,在行動上則表現(xiàn)為開始消極怠工�？偟膩碚f,這一階段公教人員心態(tài)基本上處于由“亢奮”——“沮喪”的“過渡期”。二、大后方公教人員心態(tài)的量變期(1940-1941)1940年,宜昌的陷落,使大后方運(yùn)輸?shù)难屎怼�—長江航道被扼制,繼之滇湎、滇越公路中斷,大后方的物資匱乏情況進(jìn)一步加劇,使該年成為中國通貨膨脹的拐點(diǎn),面對突如其來、勢頭洶涌的物價上漲,公教人員普遍出現(xiàn)“焦慮心態(tài)”,在行動上則開始出現(xiàn)要求加薪、“跳槽”等自發(fā)性群體行動;1941年,大后方開始出現(xiàn)絕糧,社會也隨之發(fā)生動蕩,公教人員對抗戰(zhàn)前途開始感到悲觀,普遍出現(xiàn)“迷惘心態(tài)”,只能寄希望于戰(zhàn)爭的提前結(jié)束,此期公教人員在行動上出現(xiàn)了自覺性的群體行動,開始有組織地逐級上書要求改善待遇。由于此期的物價上漲大都與日軍對大后方的“疲勞轟炸”相伴隨,大后方物價問題被軍事壓力暫時掩蓋,公教人員的關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)得到轉(zhuǎn)移,雖然不滿情緒開始萌生,但卻在同仇敵愾中自我壓抑,總之,這一階段公教人員心態(tài)處于“焦慮”——“迷惘”的“量變期”。三、大后方公教人員心態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)折期(1942-1943)太平洋戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)后,上�！肮聧u”消失,香港淪陷,大后方的海上走私渠道被徹底堵死,通往蘇聯(lián)的沙漠公路和通往印度的“駝峰航線”已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足大后方的物資需求,惡性通貨膨脹進(jìn)一步加劇。更值得注意的是,由于日軍將幾乎全部的海、空軍力量都轉(zhuǎn)投到太平洋戰(zhàn)場,再也無力對大后方實(shí)施成規(guī)模的轟炸,日軍陸軍的攻擊重點(diǎn)也轉(zhuǎn)向抗日民主根據(jù)地,大后方暫時得以相安無事。軍事壓力的減輕,反而使大后方前一時期得到遮蔽的物價問題凸顯無遺,國民政府對物價的管控乏力再也難辭其咎。1942年,隨著日軍在太平洋戰(zhàn)場的節(jié)節(jié)推進(jìn),公教人員對戰(zhàn)爭的提前結(jié)束已不抱希望,普遍呈現(xiàn)“苦悶心態(tài)”,對政府的不滿情緒開始暴發(fā),群體性行動開始升級;1943年,國民政府限價政策的失敗,使公教人員的心態(tài)由前期的量化積累來到質(zhì)變轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),公教人員開始出現(xiàn)對政府執(zhí)政能力的“置疑心態(tài)”,群體性行動也越來越頻繁,并且開始直接針對政府的越級上書,基層單位再也無力對此加以掌控。所謂“民無信不立”,至此,蔣介石已經(jīng)基本上失去了民心。綜合起來看,該階段公教人員的心態(tài)處于由量變向質(zhì)變的“轉(zhuǎn)折期”。四、大后方公教人員心態(tài)的質(zhì)變期(1944-1945)1944年,大后方在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)能力下降的同時,糧食卻獲得豐收,大后方物價曾一度回落,但此時公教人員已不堪重負(fù),普遍表現(xiàn)出一種“苦撐心態(tài)”,豫湘桂戰(zhàn)役的慘敗,徹底顯露了國民政府的腐敗無能,終于成為“壓倒駱駝的最后一根稻草”,公教人員在行動上開始公開發(fā)表不滿言論,甚至并公開對政府進(jìn)行抨擊;1945年,隨著日軍進(jìn)攻的恢復(fù),大后方物價又開始瘋漲,與盟國的凱歌高奏對照懸殊的社會現(xiàn)實(shí),使公教人員普遍呈現(xiàn)出“絕望心態(tài)”,突如其來的抗戰(zhàn)勝利在他們眼中也不過是“慘勝”而已,勝利的短暫狂歡難掩對政府、前途的絕望,公教人員在行動上出現(xiàn)了對政府的群體性叛逆,滿腹牢騷已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為要求政府改革乃至革命的要求,總體而言,無論是“苦撐”還是“絕望”,都已發(fā)生質(zhì)變,這一階段的公教人員心態(tài)可以用“質(zhì)變期”來概括。抗戰(zhàn)大后方公教人員的心態(tài)嬗變導(dǎo)致了兩方面的后果:一方面,公教人員的心態(tài)嬗變導(dǎo)致了精英階層與政府的疏離。經(jīng)過八年抗戰(zhàn),公教人員的左翼旗幟鮮明地站到了政府的對立面,右翼則感到心灰意冷,甚至對政府產(chǎn)生“恨鐵不成鋼”的抱怨,作為大多數(shù)的中間派則對政府采取漠然視之的態(tài)度。此時的國民政府在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)各個方面都是百孔千瘡,作為執(zhí)政基礎(chǔ)和思想精英的公教人員,出于絕望而對政府采取置身事外的態(tài)度,已然使政府無法正常運(yùn)作,更何況還日益為政府的對立面所吸引和凝聚。體制內(nèi)精英階層的瓦解,無疑在很大程度上決定了此后中國歷史的走向。另一方面,公教人員的心態(tài)嬗變使之成為“脫序人”——即脫離了當(dāng)時主流社會秩序的人�？箲�(zhàn)期間,由于公教人員經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的下降,國民普遍對該階層喪失敬畏之心,進(jìn)而至于產(chǎn)生蔑視,該階層的精英地位日益向邊緣化滑落。更重要的是,公教人員生活的窘境使之不得不采取有傷體面,以及有違于傳統(tǒng)道德規(guī)范,甚至鋌而走險的謀生手段,這使得公教人員在進(jìn)行內(nèi)省時自慚形穢,自我認(rèn)同的失落使公教人員開始缺乏自信,對自身價值產(chǎn)生懷疑,甚至對一慣堅守的信仰出現(xiàn)動搖;總之,社會認(rèn)同和自我認(rèn)同的雙重失落,使公教人員最終由吸附在體制內(nèi)的精英階層成為流離于體制外的“脫序人”,這使中國知識分子的“失落”成為勢在必然的事。
[Abstract]:"Civil servants" is referred to the civil servants and staff of the school, in the society, civil servants is an elite, civil servants are ruling foundation of the government, to ensure the normal operation of the government; the government staff is a "think tank", to provide intellectual support for the government. Civil servants is a middle class, is joint link between the government and the people, plays a role in the field of thought, education and lead the "hearts and minds". Therefore, teachers and civil servants for the modern social politics, culture plays an important role. Especially after the party and government personnel during the Anti Japanese War, moved in a very high proportion, no matter from their own class. Or from the entire immigration view is so. More importantly, the government and the national civil servants is the spiritual pillar of the war in the end, the civil servants attitude change and the resulting groups to conduct, for the To China history and history of the class, which can not be ignored. The Anti Japanese War Chinese as a traditional agricultural country was embroiled in a modern war. Throughout the war, in addition to military pressure is imminent threat, the national government adhere to the biggest problem facing the long period is financial problems in the face of the national government due to lack of domestic trouble and foreign invasion, production capacity and the ability to help themselves, only to print money the way directly, the inevitable consequences of hyperinflation, and thus lead to soaring prices can not stop, resulting in national life in trouble, this is a chain reaction, but also a vicious spiral. In inflation affected is the largest Catholic personnel class, as with traditional "Scholar" and "always does not work" rule of life, this class is often a lack of Self earning capacity of war and deprived of their extra income, therefore, in the period of Anti Japanese War, civil servants are completely dependent on government salaries. In the specific historical period of life in the rear, with soaring prices intensified, greatly affected the daily life of civil servants, really fell into the "ten and nine" "the point. More importantly, with the fall of the economic status of the civil servants, yet it is no guarantee, let alone become the people's spiritual leader. The wartime social order" scholar, farmer, artisan and merchant "traditional civil servants have the order reversed, from economic and social status at the same time, Maslow said the" physiological, safety, love and respect and the self realization of the five basic needs are met. This is undoubtedly a breakdown of civil servants as modern scholars to Anpinyuedao and the bottom line, mass production of "not enough" The spirit of the students "injustice", civil servants of the group mentality also experienced by the national government to support the opposition. Until centrifugation, evolution of transmutation rear civil servants can be divided into the following stages: a transition period, the rear civil servant mentality (1937-1939) in 1937 after the Anti Japanese war broke out, the most Chinese the affluent coastal areas rapidly fall, the national government revenue plummeted, fortunately, China is an agricultural country, the main factors affecting the price of food and non industrial products, 1937, 1938, the two consecutive years of grain harvest, to a certain extent delayed the rising prices for the early high. The rear of the civil servants, and the local people's psychological advantage of local currency currency exchange and the advantages of the central people, more importantly, civil servants are generally "rise and fall of the world, man has the responsibility of" traditional morality The incentive is also coerced, "Anti Japanese" national mood when civil servants generally "high mentality" in action is actively involved in the Anti Japanese national salvation movement; in 1939, with the strengthening of the Japanese offensive, rear and East provinces, Indochina cut off at the same time, the influx of refugees in the rear, so that to reduce the friction and increase foreign aid. At this time the civil servants, a lower standard of living, was negative, also make civil servants and teachers began to realize the persistent and arduous war, the early excitement mentality began to cool, the "depressed mentality", in action on the performance of go-slow began. In general, this civil servants are basically in the stage of mind by "high", "depressed" "transitional period". In two, rear civil servants attitude change period (1940-1941) in 1940, the fall of Yichang, the rear transport The throat -- the Yangtze River waterway was suppressed, the Yunnan Yunnan is drunk, highway interrupted, shortage of materials of the rear of the further intensified, the years become the inflection point, Chinese inflation in the face of the sudden surge of momentum, rising prices, the government employees generally "anxiety", the action began to ask for a raise, "quit" spontaneous group action; in 1941, the rear began food society also will be turmoil, civil servants are pessimistic about the future of the war began, widespread "lost mentality", can only hope that the war ahead of the end of this period, civil servants appeared the consciousness of group action in action, started to organize step by step a letter demanding better treatment. As a result of this period of rising prices and most of the Japanese on the rear of the "fatigue bombing" accompanied by military rear price pressure to temporarily cover up The focus of attention, civil servants are transferred, although discontent began to sprout, but bitter self repression, in short, the stage of civil servants in mind "anxiety" - "lost" and "quantity". Three, the rear turning period of civil servants attitude (1942-1943) after the Pacific War broke out, Shanghai "island" disappeared, the fall of Hongkong, the rear of maritime smuggling channels are completely blocked, leading to the Soviet desert highway to India and the "Hump" has been far from satisfying the demand of goods in the rear, inflation further. It is worth noting that the Japanese will almost all of the sea, the air force is to to the Pacific battlefield, it no longer on the rear to implement scale bombing attack, the Japanese army focus has turned to the Anti Japanese Democratic base, rear temporarily to live in peace. To reduce the military pressure, but the rear of the previous period to get the prices cover highlights exhaustive, the national government's price control is weak and for.1942 years, with the Japanese in the Pacific's advance, civil servants of the war ahead of the end has no hope, generally "state of mind", to the government the discontent of the beginning of the outbreak, the group began upgrading; in 1943, the national government price policy failure, the civil servant mentality from the early accumulation of quantitative qualitative change to a turning point, in the ability of government civil servants began to appear "doubt mentality", the group action is more and more frequent, and began to direct against the government a basic unit of leapfrog, was unable to control. The so-called "people trustworthy", so far, Jiang Jieshi has basically lost people. From the comprehensive view, the order Some civil servants in mind by the quantitative change to change the "turning point". In four, rear civil servants attitude change period (1944-1945) in 1944, the rear drop in industrial production capacity at the same time, but the grain harvest, rear prices had dropped, but the male staff have been overwhelmed, generally show a "struggling mentality", defeat the Henan Xianggui campaign, thoroughly expose the national government's corruption, and finally became the last straw that breaks the camel, civil servants began publication of dissent in action, even on the government and public criticism; in 1945, with the recovery of the Japanese attack, rear prices began skyrocketing, the control gap between the social reality and the allies kaigegaozou, the civil servants generally exhibit "despair", the sudden victory in their eyes but is also a Pyrrhic victory Only the victory of the government to conceal the brief carnival, the future of despair, civil servants in action on the group appeared on the rebel government, full of complaints has been transformed into the government reform and revolution, in general, whether it is "difficult" or "despair", all qualitative change has occurred, this stage of the Catholic church people can use the "qualitative change" to summarize the transmutation of the rear area. Civil servants caused two consequences: on the one hand, transmutation leads to elite civil servants and government alienation. After eight years of war, civil servants left clear-cut stand to the government on the opposite side, right feel downhearted, even complain to turn iron into steel for the government, as the most centrist take indifferent attitude of the government. The national government in the political, economic Aspects are as the ruling foundation and thought riddled with a thousand wounds, elite civil servants, out of desperation to stay out of the attitude of the government, has made the government unable to normal operation, not to mention the opposite of the government increasingly attract elite. Collapse within the system, it determines to a great extent since China history the trend. On the other hand, transmutation civil servants to become "out of order" - that is, out of the mainstream social order. During the war, due to the decline of the economic status of civil servants, the general loss of reverence for the class, and then have a contempt, the class of elite status increasingly to the edge of slide. More importantly, teachers and civil servants in the dilemma of life that had to take the injured and decent, contrary to the traditional moral norms, and even the rush into danger to make a living, this The civil servants in sense of introspection, self identity lost civil servants began to doubt their own lack of confidence, value, even for one accustomed to faith is shaken; in short, double loss of social identity and self-identity, the civil servants and ultimately by the adsorption within the system of the elite into exile in the system the "out of order", which makes China intellectuals of the "lost" becomes the inevitable thing.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K265
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本文編號：1363006