杭州西湖龍泓澗流域非點(diǎn)源污染源解析及控制措施研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-23 08:02
【摘要】：隨著點(diǎn)源污染的控制,非點(diǎn)源污染逐步成為水環(huán)境的首要污染源,引起了嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)環(huán)境問(wèn)題,已成為地表和地下水的最大威脅。因此,開(kāi)展流域非點(diǎn)源污染研究,對(duì)流域水資源管理與保護(hù)有重要的理論和實(shí)踐意義。本論文以杭州西湖龍泓澗流域?yàn)檠芯繉?duì)象,通過(guò)對(duì)龍泓澗水質(zhì)及降雨徑流的監(jiān)測(cè)分析,利用15N和180穩(wěn)定同位素技術(shù),結(jié)合遙感、GIS技術(shù),系統(tǒng)分析龍泓澗水體污染特征、污染物來(lái)源及遷移轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程,評(píng)估龍泓澗生態(tài)修復(fù)效果,提出濕地設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化建議及龍泓澗非點(diǎn)源污染控制措施,為改善龍泓澗及西湖水質(zhì)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。論文對(duì)龍泓澗15個(gè)水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了為期兩年的逐月監(jiān)測(cè),對(duì)龍泓澗11個(gè)底泥監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了為期一年的季度監(jiān)測(cè),共監(jiān)測(cè)分析21個(gè)指標(biāo)。結(jié)合arcGIS技術(shù),對(duì)龍泓澗水環(huán)境的時(shí)空分布及水質(zhì)狀況進(jìn)行了綜合分析。水質(zhì)分析結(jié)果顯示,龍泓澗水體已經(jīng)富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化,總體水質(zhì)呈現(xiàn)"低碳、低磷、高氮、富氧、偏堿"的特點(diǎn)。氮是龍泓澗水體的主要污染物,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)地表V類(lèi)水標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以N03--N為主要成分�？臻g分析結(jié)果顯示,TN濃度在上游森林和茶園區(qū)域較高,TP濃度在茶園附近較高,NH4+-N和BOD5濃度在居民區(qū)附近較高,CODMn濃度在下游濕地系統(tǒng)較高,水體經(jīng)下游濕地系統(tǒng)后,N、P濃度顯著降低。水質(zhì)時(shí)間分析結(jié)果顯示,豐水期水體較枯水期污染嚴(yán)重。論文運(yùn)用描述性分析、相關(guān)性分析、主成分分析、聚類(lèi)分析等統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法,對(duì)龍泓澗水質(zhì)及底質(zhì)進(jìn)行了分析。相關(guān)性分析顯示TDS、SAL與TN、NOCV-N、NO2--N、TP呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。HCA分析按照近似原則將15個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)分為三組:主流上游、支流上游、下游濕地系統(tǒng)。PCA分析可知,龍泓澗水體污染的主要因子是營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽。對(duì)水體污染的初步源解析表明,龍泓澗水體污染主要來(lái)源區(qū)域是森林和茶園,可能與肥料、土壤和地下水有關(guān)。底質(zhì)分析結(jié)果顯示,底泥污染狀況較輕,不會(huì)對(duì)上覆水造成污染�？輸≈参锏某练e分解可能是底泥污染的主要來(lái)源。論文對(duì)龍泓澗流域四種主要土地利用類(lèi)型的降雨及徑流進(jìn)行了六次監(jiān)測(cè)分析。分析結(jié)果顯示,TSS、CODcr、TN、N03--N、TP是降雨徑流的主要污染物,高于龍泓澗溪流水體濃度,說(shuō)明地表徑流是龍泓澗水體N、P及有機(jī)污染物的重要來(lái)源。在四種土地利用類(lèi)型中,茶園的TN和NO3--N濃度最高,森林的TN和NO3--N濃度次之,說(shuō)明茶園和森林是龍泓澗溪流水體N的主要來(lái)源區(qū)域。徑流中的P主要以顆粒態(tài)形式存在,茶園施肥可能是徑流中P的主要來(lái)源。徑流CODCr也主要以顆粒態(tài)形式存在,受雨強(qiáng)及前干期等因素的影響。居民區(qū)和道路徑流污染對(duì)溪流水體的總體影響小。雨水中污染物濃度很低,說(shuō)明濕沉降對(duì)龍泓澗水體污染的貢獻(xiàn)小,溪流水體的污染物主要來(lái)自于地面。鑒別多土地利用類(lèi)型流域非點(diǎn)源氮污染的來(lái)源是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期復(fù)雜的研究。本論文將降雨徑流、溪流水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)與15N-NO3-和180-NO3-雙同位素測(cè)定相結(jié)合,鑒別非點(diǎn)源N的污染源及主要遷移轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程。研究結(jié)果表明,水體N濃度的變化主要受季節(jié)及土地利用類(lèi)型的影響。NO3--N濃度在春夏較高,秋冬較低。δ15N-NO3-和ε18O-NO3-值在夏季及下游出現(xiàn)富集。龍泓澗水體N的來(lái)源分析表明,銨肥、土壤、凋落物及地下水是龍泓澗水體N污染的主要來(lái)源,大氣沉降、硝基肥料、農(nóng)家肥對(duì)水體污染的影響較小。N的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化研究表明,龍泓澗流域的NO3--N主要由陸域NH4+-N硝化而來(lái),被降雨徑流的沖刷攜帶進(jìn)入溪流水體。溪流水體中的N轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程主要以植物吸收作用為主,反硝化作用在溪流水體中很少或幾乎不發(fā)生。論文評(píng)價(jià)了龍泓澗主、支流下游兩個(gè)濕地系統(tǒng)(九個(gè)濕地)對(duì)TN、NO3--N、TP和DP的去除效果,提出了濕地優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)建議及龍泓澗流域非點(diǎn)源污染控制措施。研究結(jié)果表明,兩個(gè)濕地系統(tǒng)對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽的去除效果顯著。TN的去除率高達(dá)45%,NO3--N去除率高達(dá)57%,TP去除率高達(dá)78%,DP去除率高達(dá)86%。營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽的去除率受氣候變化影響顯著,氣溫高時(shí)去除率較高。植物吸收是濕地系統(tǒng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽去除的主要機(jī)制。對(duì)兩個(gè)濕地系統(tǒng)比較分析表明,多個(gè)濕地串聯(lián)作用比單個(gè)濕地的營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽去除效果好,串聯(lián)作用的濕地越多,營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽的去除效率越高。對(duì)九個(gè)濕地的研究結(jié)果表明,濕地設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù),如容量、面積、流程、周長(zhǎng),對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽的去除效果有重要影響。對(duì)龍泓澗非點(diǎn)源污染的控制建議采取源頭控制、傳輸控制、水文改善等方式。
[Abstract]:With the control of point source pollution, non-point source pollution has gradually become the primary pollution source of water environment, causing serious ecological environment problems, and has become the biggest threat to the surface and groundwater. Based on the monitoring and analysis of water quality and rainfall runoff in Longjian watershed, 15N and 180 stable isotope techniques, remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to systematically analyze the pollution characteristics of Longjian watershed, the sources of pollutants, the migration and transformation process of pollutants, the ecological restoration effect of Longjian watershed was evaluated, and the suggestions for wetland design optimization and non-Longjian watershed were put forward. Point source pollution control measures provide scientific basis for improving water quality of Longhuan and West Lake. Fifteen water quality monitoring points in Longhuan were monitored monthly for two years, and 11 sediment monitoring points in Longhuan were monitored quarterly for one year. A total of 21 indexes were monitored and analyzed. The results of water quality analysis show that Longhuanjian water body has been eutrophication, and the overall water quality is characterized by "low carbon, low phosphorus, high nitrogen, rich oxygen, partial alkali". Nitrogen is the main pollutant in Longhuanjian water body, far exceeding the surface V water standard, with N03--N as the main component. The concentration of N, P in the upstream forest and tea garden was higher, TP in the vicinity of tea garden was higher, NH4 + - N and BOD5 in the vicinity of residential area were higher, CODMn in the downstream wetland system was higher, and the concentration of N, P in the water body decreased significantly after passing through the downstream wetland system. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and other statistical analysis methods were used to analyze the water quality and sediment of Longhongjian. Correlation analysis showed that TDS, SAL and TN, NOCV-N, NO2-N, TP were significantly positively correlated. HCA analysis divided 15 monitoring points into three groups according to the approximate principle: mainstream upstream, tributary upstream, downstream wetland system. The primary source analysis of water pollution showed that the main source areas of pollution were forests and tea gardens, possibly related to fertilizer, soil and groundwater. The results show that TSS, CODcr, TN, N03--N and TP are the main pollutants in rainfall runoff, which are higher than those in Longhuan stream, indicating that surface runoff is N, P and organic in Longhuan river. Among the four types of land use, TN and NO3--N concentrations in tea garden were the highest, followed by that in forest, indicating that tea garden and forest were the main sources of N in Longjian stream. The pollution of residential area and road runoff has little influence on the whole stream water body. The concentration of pollutants in rainwater is very low, indicating that the contribution of wet deposition to the pollution of Longhongjian water body is small, and the pollutants in the stream water body mainly come from the ground. The source of point source nitrogen pollution is a long-term and complex study. In this paper, rainfall runoff and stream water quality monitoring are combined with 15N-NO3-and 180-NO3-isotope measurements to identify the sources of non-point source nitrogen pollution and the main migration and transformation processes. The concentration of ammonium fertilizer, soil, litter and groundwater are the main sources of N pollution in Longjian waters. Atmospheric sedimentation, nitro fertilizer and farm manure have little effect on water pollution. The nitrification of NH4 + - N in the Longhuanjian watershed was carried into the stream water by the erosion of rainfall runoff. The main process of N transformation in the stream water was plant absorption, and denitrification rarely or rarely occurred in the stream water. Removal of TN, NO3-N, TP and DP from wetland was studied. The optimal design of wetland and control measures of non-point source pollution in Longhongjian watershed were proposed. The results showed that the removal efficiency of nutrients by the two wetland systems was remarkable. The removal rates of TN, NO3-N, TP and DP were as high as 45%, 57%, 78% and 86% respectively. Plant uptake is the main mechanism of nutrient removal in the wetland system. Comparing the two wetland systems, the results show that the nutrient removal efficiency of multiple wetlands in series is better than that of single wetland. The more wetlands in series, the higher the nutrient removal efficiency. The results show that the design parameters of wetland, such as capacity, area, flow and perimeter, have important effects on the removal of nutrients.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X52
[Abstract]:With the control of point source pollution, non-point source pollution has gradually become the primary pollution source of water environment, causing serious ecological environment problems, and has become the biggest threat to the surface and groundwater. Based on the monitoring and analysis of water quality and rainfall runoff in Longjian watershed, 15N and 180 stable isotope techniques, remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to systematically analyze the pollution characteristics of Longjian watershed, the sources of pollutants, the migration and transformation process of pollutants, the ecological restoration effect of Longjian watershed was evaluated, and the suggestions for wetland design optimization and non-Longjian watershed were put forward. Point source pollution control measures provide scientific basis for improving water quality of Longhuan and West Lake. Fifteen water quality monitoring points in Longhuan were monitored monthly for two years, and 11 sediment monitoring points in Longhuan were monitored quarterly for one year. A total of 21 indexes were monitored and analyzed. The results of water quality analysis show that Longhuanjian water body has been eutrophication, and the overall water quality is characterized by "low carbon, low phosphorus, high nitrogen, rich oxygen, partial alkali". Nitrogen is the main pollutant in Longhuanjian water body, far exceeding the surface V water standard, with N03--N as the main component. The concentration of N, P in the upstream forest and tea garden was higher, TP in the vicinity of tea garden was higher, NH4 + - N and BOD5 in the vicinity of residential area were higher, CODMn in the downstream wetland system was higher, and the concentration of N, P in the water body decreased significantly after passing through the downstream wetland system. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and other statistical analysis methods were used to analyze the water quality and sediment of Longhongjian. Correlation analysis showed that TDS, SAL and TN, NOCV-N, NO2-N, TP were significantly positively correlated. HCA analysis divided 15 monitoring points into three groups according to the approximate principle: mainstream upstream, tributary upstream, downstream wetland system. The primary source analysis of water pollution showed that the main source areas of pollution were forests and tea gardens, possibly related to fertilizer, soil and groundwater. The results show that TSS, CODcr, TN, N03--N and TP are the main pollutants in rainfall runoff, which are higher than those in Longhuan stream, indicating that surface runoff is N, P and organic in Longhuan river. Among the four types of land use, TN and NO3--N concentrations in tea garden were the highest, followed by that in forest, indicating that tea garden and forest were the main sources of N in Longjian stream. The pollution of residential area and road runoff has little influence on the whole stream water body. The concentration of pollutants in rainwater is very low, indicating that the contribution of wet deposition to the pollution of Longhongjian water body is small, and the pollutants in the stream water body mainly come from the ground. The source of point source nitrogen pollution is a long-term and complex study. In this paper, rainfall runoff and stream water quality monitoring are combined with 15N-NO3-and 180-NO3-isotope measurements to identify the sources of non-point source nitrogen pollution and the main migration and transformation processes. The concentration of ammonium fertilizer, soil, litter and groundwater are the main sources of N pollution in Longjian waters. Atmospheric sedimentation, nitro fertilizer and farm manure have little effect on water pollution. The nitrification of NH4 + - N in the Longhuanjian watershed was carried into the stream water by the erosion of rainfall runoff. The main process of N transformation in the stream water was plant absorption, and denitrification rarely or rarely occurred in the stream water. Removal of TN, NO3-N, TP and DP from wetland was studied. The optimal design of wetland and control measures of non-point source pollution in Longhongjian watershed were proposed. The results showed that the removal efficiency of nutrients by the two wetland systems was remarkable. The removal rates of TN, NO3-N, TP and DP were as high as 45%, 57%, 78% and 86% respectively. Plant uptake is the main mechanism of nutrient removal in the wetland system. Comparing the two wetland systems, the results show that the nutrient removal efficiency of multiple wetlands in series is better than that of single wetland. The more wetlands in series, the higher the nutrient removal efficiency. The results show that the design parameters of wetland, such as capacity, area, flow and perimeter, have important effects on the removal of nutrients.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X52
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條
1 陳世博;汪亞峰;高揚(yáng);賈s，
本文編號(hào)：2198414
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