發(fā)布時間：2018-06-02 02:43

  本文選題：冷戰(zhàn) + 美國��； 參考：《南開大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：阿富汗是亞洲的內(nèi)陸山國,毗鄰多個大國和中東能源蘊藏區(qū),具有重要的戰(zhàn)略地位。19世紀(jì)的英俄競爭塑造了阿富汗的緩沖國地位；冷戰(zhàn)后,美國和蘇聯(lián)又展開新一輪競爭,誘發(fā)了1979年蘇聯(lián)入侵阿富汗的戰(zhàn)爭。在歷史和現(xiàn)實中,美國是阿富汗事態(tài)發(fā)展最重要的外部因素之一。冷戰(zhàn)初期,美國對阿富汗的政策對于整個冷戰(zhàn)時期和冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后美國——阿富汗關(guān)系和阿富汗事件的發(fā)展是至關(guān)重要的,基于此,本文系統(tǒng)、深入地剖析了冷戰(zhàn)初期即杜魯門和艾森豪威爾政府對阿富汗政策的形成、內(nèi)容、演變、特點和影響等問題,試圖揭示杜魯門和艾森豪威爾政府的對阿政策對冷戰(zhàn)時期美國的阿富汗政策的奠基性作用,并探析美國的政策與1979年阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭的關(guān)聯(lián)性。 論文共分5章,圍繞四個方面內(nèi)容展開論述。 第一部分內(nèi)容是美國對阿政策與美阿關(guān)系的歷史回顧,總結(jié)了從19世紀(jì)中期到二戰(zhàn)期間美國對阿政策的變遷和兩國關(guān)系的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。美國與阿富汗的最早接觸發(fā)生于19世紀(jì)的民間層次。1921年是美阿關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)折點,阿富汗政府代表團(tuán)訪問美國,試圖與美國建立正式外交關(guān)系,拉開了兩國官方關(guān)系的帷幕。美國反應(yīng)冷淡。不過,兩國的官方接觸由此保持下來,此后,阿富汗堅持謀求與美國建交的努力。由于國內(nèi)外局勢的變化,美國調(diào)整了對阿冷淡政策,1936年與阿富汗正式建交,1942年開設(shè)常駐性使館,兩國關(guān)系進(jìn)入新的歷史篇章。二戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后,美國對阿政策面臨來自軸心國的壓力。與此同時,美國與蘇聯(lián)在阿富汗的競爭性局面初步顯現(xiàn),蘇聯(lián)極力阻止西方勢力進(jìn)入阿富汗北部地區(qū)。在雙邊關(guān)系發(fā)展過程中,美國和阿富汗的政策有較大差異,阿富汗高度熱情,體現(xiàn)了它試圖將美國作為力量平衡者和援助來源者的利益認(rèn)知。30年代后,美國對阿政策的調(diào)整體現(xiàn)了美國要在阿富汗保持一定影響以平衡其他大國勢力的利益認(rèn)知。這種平衡外交和均勢政策在冷戰(zhàn)期間被美國施用于蘇聯(lián)。但在20世紀(jì)上半期,由于利益有限、信息不足,及英國的制約,美國對阿政策發(fā)展總體上是緩慢的。 第二部分內(nèi)容主要闡述了杜魯門政府對阿富汗的政策。1947年冷戰(zhàn)爆發(fā),包括阿富汗在內(nèi)的南亞被裹挾進(jìn)美蘇競爭的大潮中。冷戰(zhàn)為美國對阿政策開啟了新的時代背景,二戰(zhàn)前的多國競爭局面演變?yōu)槊捞K兩極爭奪。南亞不是美國戰(zhàn)略重點,阿富汗沒能引起杜魯門政府的重視。但基于歷史傳承和阿蘇接壤的特點,杜魯門政府對阿富汗開展了有限的行動：一是在外交上,1946年支持阿富汗加入聯(lián)合國,使其更快地融入西方主導(dǎo)的國際秩序,則既可憑借國際社會的力量制約蘇聯(lián)的活動,也可使國際社會分擔(dān)美國在阿富汗的投入；二是在“第四點計劃”指導(dǎo)下對阿富汗予以有限的經(jīng)濟(jì)援助,但多次拒絕了阿富汗提供軍事援助的要求�？傊�,在冷戰(zhàn)的新背景下,杜魯門政府對阿政策體系尚未成型,對在阿富汗欲達(dá)成的政策目的和對阿富汗的戰(zhàn)略定位模糊不清,美國政策的基本特點可以概括為“不親不棄”。杜魯門政府對阿政策受多種因素的影響,蘇聯(lián)對阿政策的平淡與阿富汗國內(nèi)共產(chǎn)主義勢力的極其弱小是關(guān)鍵性因素之一,缺乏蘇聯(lián)和共產(chǎn)主義的刺激,美國對阿政策明顯動力不足。 第三部分內(nèi)容是論文重點,全面剖析了兩屆總統(tǒng)任期內(nèi)(19531961年)艾森豪威爾政府對阿富汗政策的形成、調(diào)整及其影響。1953年,美國、蘇聯(lián)和阿富汗同時發(fā)生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人變更,各國調(diào)整對外政策,深刻影響了美國的對阿政策。穆罕默德·達(dá)烏德任阿富汗首相后,將經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)代化作為首要戰(zhàn)略,同時推行對巴基斯坦的強(qiáng)硬政策,激化“普什圖尼斯坦?fàn)幎恕?使美國面臨的南亞局勢復(fù)雜化；赫魯曉夫提出“和平競賽”,加強(qiáng)對第三世界國家的外交和援助,努力打破美國在南亞—中東構(gòu)建的對蘇軍事包圍,阿富汗是其重要目標(biāo)之一。1955年,赫魯曉夫等人訪問阿富汗,蘇聯(lián)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事和人員援助開始大規(guī)模進(jìn)入阿富汗,給美國造成了巨大壓力。因應(yīng)蘇聯(lián)對阿政策的急進(jìn)式發(fā)展,艾森豪威爾政府以“大平衡”戰(zhàn)略為指導(dǎo),強(qiáng)調(diào)協(xié)調(diào)盟國間關(guān)系,加強(qiáng)對第三世界國家的爭奪,致力于在阿富汗遏制蘇聯(lián)。50年代中期,美國提出“杜勒斯計劃”,推動“北層國家”建立反蘇軍事同盟,阿富汗成為美國爭取的對象之一。但阿富汗堅持中立主義外交傳統(tǒng),拒絕了美國。對阿外交受挫促使艾森豪威爾重評了對阿政策,以NSC5409等系列文件為標(biāo)志,艾森豪威爾第一任期確立了不同于杜魯門政府的新的對阿政策。美國的政策目的是,放棄將阿富汗納入已方陣營的意圖,轉(zhuǎn)而努力確保并維持阿富汗在美蘇間的中立,鞏固阿富汗的緩沖國地位,將蘇聯(lián)隔離在南亞—中東以外。為實現(xiàn)這一目的,美國確立了“維持均衡但不謀求優(yōu)勢”的對阿政策的基本原則,不與蘇聯(lián)進(jìn)行同等規(guī)模的援助競爭,以適量的援助水平,利用阿富汗人對美國的親近感和對蘇聯(lián)的傳統(tǒng)畏懼感,維持美國在阿富汗的存在,抵消蘇聯(lián)對阿富汗的壓力和擴(kuò)張。另一方面,作為美蘇在阿富汗激烈爭奪的副產(chǎn)品,兩國在阿富汗形成事實上的“合作”局面,阿富汗成為美蘇競爭的最大受益者,較好地將美蘇援助整合到一起,美蘇對此無奈接受。美蘇在阿富汗的“均衡”格局形成。 1957年艾森豪威爾第二次就任總統(tǒng)后,出臺“艾森豪威爾主義”,美國政府深入討論了其適用于阿富汗的問題,并展開了說服行動,阿富汗不完全地接受了艾森豪威爾主義。在艾森豪威爾第二任期內(nèi),蘇聯(lián)對阿富汗的政策力度也進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng),對此,艾森豪威爾政府將阿富汗列為“緊急行動區(qū)域”,以多種方式平衡蘇聯(lián)的行動,擴(kuò)大對阿富汗的援助規(guī)模和領(lǐng)域,改革對阿政策實施機(jī)構(gòu),以雙邊和多邊外交相結(jié)合的方式推行對阿政策,并在50年代末開展了整個冷戰(zhàn)時期都少有的“首腦外交”高潮,美、阿領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的互訪開創(chuàng)了兩國關(guān)系新的歷史記錄�？傊�,艾森豪威爾政府對阿政策經(jīng)受挫、摸索最終確立,政策原則和某些具體內(nèi)容沿用至70年代末,對冷戰(zhàn)時期的美國對阿政策影響極大。在此過程中,美國對阿政策謹(jǐn)慎行事,避免刺激蘇聯(lián)采取過激行動,在此意義上,1979年戰(zhàn)爭并不是美國對阿政策的直接結(jié)果,美國政策只是構(gòu)成其背景性因素。 第四部分內(nèi)容專題研究阿、巴“普什圖尼斯坦”危機(jī)及美國在處理危機(jī)過程中的對阿富汗政策。該危機(jī)是美國在阿富汗形成與蘇聯(lián)均衡競爭局面的同時,對阿政策陷入困境的最重要原因。困境之一是,面對不能舍棄的地區(qū)性盟國和緩沖國間難以調(diào)和的沖突,美國選擇明確站在哪一國的立場以及如何使對巴基斯坦的支持保持在一定限度內(nèi)而不至于刺激阿富汗,即支持政策的“度”的把握是一個困境。僅就阿、巴關(guān)系而言,美國理論上應(yīng)支持巴基斯坦；但一旦考慮到美蘇關(guān)系和蘇阿關(guān)系,美國政策的困境之二出現(xiàn),即美國不應(yīng)放棄阿富汗而徒增蘇聯(lián)的機(jī)會。由于這種政策困境,美國沒能實現(xiàn)阿巴爭端的解決,危機(jī)兩次爆發(fā)；同時,困境導(dǎo)致美國游離于阿巴之間,也沒能阻止阿富汗靠向蘇聯(lián)。美國政策困境的出現(xiàn)是其超級大國的全球和局部冷戰(zhàn)利益與地區(qū)國家的利益沖突的結(jié)果。美國試圖按照一已之構(gòu)想?yún)f(xié)調(diào)地區(qū)國家間矛盾,服務(wù)于美國的冷戰(zhàn)利益,但卻忽視了如阿富汗等地區(qū)國家的利益訴求。在歷史和現(xiàn)實中,美國外交面臨類似阿巴爭端的政策困境是普遍的,美國處理阿巴爭端的政策和特點對于我們更好地理解美國介入其他地區(qū)的局部糾紛時有一定的借鑒和啟示意義。
[Abstract]:Afghanistan is an inland mountain country in Asia, adjacent to many big powers and Middle East energy reserves, with an important strategic position in the.19 century, the British Russian competition has shaped the status of Afghanistan's buffer state. After the cold war, the United States and the Soviet Union launched a new round of competition, inducing the war of invasion of the Soviet Union in 1979. In history and reality, the United States is a One of the most important external factors for the development of the rich Khan state of affairs. In the early cold war, the policy of the United States to Afghanistan was crucial to the United States Afghanistan relations and the development of Afghanistan after the cold war and the end of the cold war. Based on this, this article systematically analyzed the Truman and Eisenhower administration in the early cold war. The formation, content, evolution, characteristics and influence of the policy of rich Khan tried to reveal the foundational role of Truman and Eisenhower's government's policy to Afghanistan during the cold war, and to explore the relevance of American policy to the war in Afghanistan in the 1979.
The thesis is divided into 5 chapters, focusing on four aspects.
The first part is the historical review of the US policy on Afghanistan and the United States, summarizing the changes of American policy towards Afghanistan from the mid nineteenth Century to the Second World War and the development of the relations between the two countries. The earliest contact between the United States and Afghanistan in nineteenth Century was the turning point of the US Arab relations in.1921, and the Afghan government delegation visited. The United States tried to establish formal diplomatic relations with the United States and opened the curtain of official relations between the two countries. The United States reacted coldly. However, the official contacts between the two countries remained. After that, Afghanistan insisted on the efforts to establish diplomatic relations with the United States. After the outbreak of World War II, the American policy of the United States faced pressure from the axis countries. At the same time, the competitive situation of the United States and the Soviet Union appeared in Afghanistan. The Soviet Union tried to stop the Western forces from entering the northern area of Abu Khan. In the development of bilateral relations, the United States was in the United States. There is a great difference in the policy of the country and Afghanistan. Afghanistan is highly enthusiastic. It embodies the.30 age of trying to make the United States as a balance of force and the benefit of the source of aid. The potential policy was applied by the United States to the Soviet Union during the cold war. But in the first half of the twentieth Century, the United States' policy towards Arab policy was generally slow because of its limited interests, insufficient information and British constraints.
The second part mainly expounds the outbreak of the Truman administration's policy on Afghanistan in.1947, which has been held in the tide of competition between the United States and the Soviet Union, including Afghanistan. The cold war opened a new era for the United States to Arab policy. The multi country competition situation before World War II has evolved into the two poles of the United States and the Soviet Union. South Asia is not the strategic importance of the United States. At the point, Afghanistan failed to attract the attention of the Truman administration. But based on the historical heritage and the characteristics of the Soviet Union, the Truman administration has carried out limited action on Afghanistan: first, in diplomacy, in 1946, the support of Afghanistan to the United Nations to integrate it into the western leading international order could be restricted by the strength of the international community. The activities of the Soviet Union could also enable the international community to share American investment in Afghanistan; two, under the guidance of the "fourth point plan", to provide limited economic assistance to Afghanistan, but has repeatedly rejected the demand for military assistance in Afghanistan. In short, in the new context of the cold war, the Truman administration has not yet formed a policy system for Afghanistan. The policy aim of Khan's desire and the strategic positioning of Afghanistan are obscure. The basic characteristics of the American policy can be summed up as "no relatives and no abandonment". The Truman administration's policy on opiate is influenced by many factors. The Soviet Union's weak policy to Afghanistan and the extremely weak of the Communist forces in Afghanistan are one of the key factors, and the lack of the Soviet Union. With the stimulus of communism, the US policy towards Arab policy is obviously underpowered.
The third part is the key point of the paper. It is a comprehensive analysis of the formation of the Eisenhower administration's policy on Afghanistan during the two term of the presidency (19531961 years), the adjustment and its influence in.1953, the changes in the United States, the Soviet Union and Afghanistan, and the adjustment of foreign policies by various countries, and the profound influence of American policy on Afghanistan. After serving as the Prime Minister of Afghanistan, it is the primary strategy to modernize the economy, and to promote the tough policy of Pakistan and to intensify the "pashtanstein dispute" to make the United States face a complicated situation in South Asia. Khrushchev put forward a "peace contest", strengthened diplomacy and assistance to the third world countries, and tried to break the United States in South Asia. The Eastern Construction of the Soviet military encirclement, Afghanistan is one of its important goals.1955, Khrushchev and others visited Afghanistan, the Soviet economy, military and personnel assistance began to enter Afghanistan on a large scale, causing great pressure to the United States. Because of the rapid development of the Soviet Union's policy to Afghanistan, the Eisenhower administration was "a big balance" strategy. In order to coordinate the relationship between the allies and strengthen the contention between the third world countries, the United States put forward the "Dulles plan" and promoted the "northern state" to establish the anti Soviet military alliance in Afghanistan in the mid.50 years of the Soviet Union, and Afghanistan became the target of the United States, but Afghanistan insisted on the neutralism diplomatic tradition and refused. The U.S. diplomatic frustration prompted Eisenhower to reevaluate his policy on Afghanistan, marked by a series of documents such as NSC5409, and Eisenhower's first term established a new anti Arab policy different from the Truman administration. The United States policy aims to give up the intention of bringing Afghanistan into the camp and strive to ensure and maintain Afghanistan in the United States. In order to achieve this, the United States has established the basic principle of "maintaining a balanced but not seeking advantage" to the Arab policy, and not competing with the Soviet Union on the same scale as the Soviet Union, with a moderate level of aid to the United States. On the other hand, as a by-product of the fierce contention between the United States and the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, the two countries have formed a factual "cooperation" situation in Afghanistan. Afghanistan has become the biggest beneficiary of the United States and Soviet competition, and better the aid of the United States and the Soviet Union. To help integrate together, the United States and the Soviet Union have no choice but to accept the US and Soviet Union's "equilibrium" pattern in Afghanistan.
After the second presidency of Eisenhower in 1957, "Eisenhower doctrine" was introduced. The United States government discussed the problem of its application to Afghanistan, and launched a persuasive action. Afghanistan did not fully accept the Eisenhower doctrine. In the second term of the Eisenhower term, the Soviet Union's policy to Afghanistan was further added. In this regard, the Eisenhower administration listed Afghanistan as an "emergency area" to balance the Soviet Union's action in a variety of ways, expand the scale and field of aid to Afghanistan, reform the implementation of Afghanistan policy, and combine bilateral and multilateral diplomacy with the policy of Afghanistan, and carried out the whole cold war at the end of the 50s. Some "summit diplomacy" climax, the United States and the Arab leaders' mutual visits created a new historical record of the relationship between the two countries. In a word, the Eisenhower administration was frustrated by the policy of Afghanistan, and finally established it. The policy principles and some specific contents were used to the end of the 70s, which had great influence on the American policy of the cold war. In this process, the United States was to Afghanistan. In the sense that the 1979 war was not a direct result of the US policy on Afghanistan, the American policy was only a background factor.
The fourth part is a thematic study of the pashtinistein crisis and the United States' policy towards Afghanistan in the process of dealing with the crisis. The crisis is the most important reason why the United States is in a balanced competition with the Soviet Union, and the most important reason for the plight of the policy is to face the regional allies and buffers that can not be abandoned. It is a dilemma for the United States to choose the position of which country to stand clearly and how to keep the support of Pakistan within a certain limit and not to stimulate Afghanistan, that is, to support the "degree" of the policy is a predicament. In terms of Arab Palestinian relations, the United States should support Pakistan in theory; but once it is considered in the United States, The two plight of the Soviet relations and the Soviet Union, the plight of the United States policy, is that the United States should not give up Afghanistan and increase the Soviet Union. Because of this policy dilemma, the United States failed to achieve the settlement of the ABA dispute and the two outbreak of the crisis; at the same time, the dilemma caused the United States to move away from the Abba, nor could it prevent Afghanistan from coming to the Soviet Union. US policy stranded. The emergence of the state is the result of the conflict between the global and local cold war interests and regional interests of the superpowers. The United States tries to coordinate the conflicts between regions and serve the interests of the cold war in the United States, but ignores the interests of the states in the region such as Afghanistan. The policy dilemma of the dispute between Pakistan and Pakistan is universal. The policy and characteristics of the United States' handling of the ABA dispute have a certain reference and inspiration for us to better understand the local disputes in the United States in other regions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D871.2;K153

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