本文選題：轉基因作物 + 基因資源�。� 參考：《華中農業(yè)大學》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：基因資源的獲取、利用及其利益分享是農業(yè)科技、生物多樣性發(fā)展和經濟開發(fā)的重要問題。1961年法、德等歐洲六國在巴黎共同簽署的《國際植物新品種保護公約》中提出的植物新品種權制度視乎為基因資源利用和發(fā)展提供了制度支撐,其以私權的形式保障了發(fā)達國家利用現代生物技術培育植物新品種的育種人利益,也就是強調了基因資源的個體開發(fā)和增值價值。隨著全球經濟技術一體化進程的加快,利益格局進一步分化,特別是當前面臨資源、環(huán)境及人類健康等挑戰(zhàn)性問題更加普遍與突出,基因資源主權及產權問題日益成為當前國際多角度關注的熱點。轉基因作物作為一種利用組織培養(yǎng)技術的基因重組技術引入其它生物或物種的基因而培育出來的基因改育作物或基因重組作物獲得了快速發(fā)展,同時也對我們的農業(yè)生產、生活產生了重要作用,更是成為了生物多樣性的重要方面。轉基因作物是一種以基因資源為基礎,通過基因重組技術來改良和培育,注入了個體價值,理應獲得知識產權保護。但是,基因產權作為原產國國家的資源主權權利,特別是以傳統(tǒng)方式保存并發(fā)現其品種價值的社區(qū)和農民的產權權益,在既有的制度體系中未能得到體現。 當前很多學者也關注到這個問題,但其研究仍呈片段化,未能從法律角度對資源利用權配置進行系統(tǒng)研究,特別是基因資源與知識產權保護雙向度互動發(fā)展尚未涉足。知識產權是知識財產私有的權利形式,是一種基于個體的權利生成,面對權利客體的多樣性創(chuàng)新,特別是轉基因作物基因資源集合了自然公共屬性和個體價值屬性,理應會對知識產權保護進路形成突破。本文以轉基因作物基因資源為基點,綜合法學、經濟學、社會學、生物學等多學科視角深入探析我國轉基因作物基因資源中所面臨的知識產權保護問題,以利益視角對轉基因作物基因資源過程中所涉及的利益相關體進行分析,力求發(fā)現轉基因作物基因資源利用過程中在知識產權方面所產生的基本法律問題,以利益平衡理論、可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論、農民權益保護理論等為基礎,通過對基因資源利用權進行法律配置,達到基因資源利用中私利和公益的現實平衡,并以此為基礎構建兼容國際和本土特色的制度體系,提出了我國轉基因作物基因資源利用中知識產權保護的宏觀和具體立法建議,從而促進我國轉基因作物基因資源利用的健康發(fā)展。 通過研究,本文主要觀點包括：第一,我國當前專利權和植物新品種權制度對轉基因作物給予了一定法律基礎保護,但對基因資源的自然公共屬性關注不夠,特別是農民權的實現載體問題；第二,轉基因作物基因資源的知識產權保護既要遵循利益平衡原則、實質公平原則、鼓勵創(chuàng)新原則,又要堅持防止濫用原則和國際合作原則,在防范與合作中尋求和諧發(fā)展；第三,立法選擇方面應結合我國法律實際和外部環(huán)境,不宜由品種權保護的專門法模式直接過渡到專利法的模式,可探討建立基因資源法保護模式；第四,在進行轉基因作物基因資源權屬登記的基礎上,應當進行基因資源保護和利用的制度建設,包括事先知情同意制度、惠益分享制度、社區(qū)共管制度、生態(tài)補償制度、權利救濟制度等；第五,以農民權為基礎和框架構建的基因資源權應注入社區(qū)發(fā)展權的公共性理念,通過社區(qū)共享性制度系統(tǒng)促進轉基因作物基因資源與知識產權保護的雙向度互動式發(fā)展進路。 本文的研究雖然從多視角觸及到了轉基因作物基因資源的知識產權保護問題的內涵、核心及其關聯體系,但還僅僅是理論上的分析和論證,還只是一個新的起點,仍有諸多理論和實踐方面的問題有待進一步研究和探討。特別要注意的是,轉基因作物基因資源作為特定的公共性產品,既是促進主體發(fā)展的現實需要,又是生物多樣性的必然要求。對于轉基因作物基因資源的知識產權保護不應僅僅局限于傳統(tǒng)私法范疇,還應從社會整體利益角度考究,搭建一種公共性的保護與利用相結合的法律路徑,從而真正實現權利主體與客體有機結合的和諧發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:The acquisition, utilization and benefit sharing of genetic resources are the important issues of agricultural science and technology, the development of biodiversity and economic development, the.1961 year law. The system of plant new species rights proposed by the European six countries in Paris jointly signed in the Convention on the protection of new varieties of plants, which is signed by the six European countries, provides institutional support for the utilization and development of genetic resources. In the form of private rights, the interests of the breeders of developing new varieties of plants by modern biotechnology are guaranteed by developed countries, that is, the individual development and value added value of genetic resources are emphasized. With the acceleration of the globalization of the global economic and technological integration, the interests pattern is further differentiated, especially the challenges facing the resources, environment and human health. The problem of sex is becoming more and more common and prominent, and the issue of the sovereignty and property rights of genetic resources has become a hot spot of attention at present. As a gene recombination technology using tissue culture technology, genetically modified crops or genetically modified crops have been developed rapidly. At the same time, it has also played an important role in our agricultural production and life, and it has become an important aspect of biodiversity. Genetically modified crops are based on genetic resources, improved and nurtured through gene recombination technology, injecting individual value and obtaining intellectual property protection. However, genetic property rights are used as the country of origin. The rights of resource sovereignty, especially the rights and interests of communities and farmers, which have been preserved and found in traditional ways, are not reflected in the existing system.
At present, many scholars have also paid attention to this problem, but their research is still fragmented. It is not possible to systematically study the allocation of resource utilization rights from the legal point of view, especially the two-way interaction between genetic resources and intellectual property protection has not been involved. Intellectual property is the right form of private knowledge and property, and it is based on individual rights. In the face of the diversity innovation of the object of rights, especially the genetic resources of genetically modified crops, the natural public property and individual value attribute should be set up, and the breakthrough of intellectual property protection should be formed. This article is based on the genetic resources of genetically modified crops, and the comprehensive jurisprudence, economics, social science and biology. The problem of intellectual property protection in genetic crop genetic resources is analyzed in the interest perspective to analyze the stakeholders involved in the genetic resources of genetically modified crops, and to find out the basic legal problems in the use of genetic resources in the utilization of genetically modified crops, and the sustainable development of the theory of interest balance. On the basis of the theory of exhibition and protection of farmers' rights and interests, through the legal allocation of the right to use genetic resources to achieve the realistic balance between private interest and public welfare in the utilization of genetic resources, the system of compatible international and local characteristics is built on this basis, and the macro protection of intellectual property rights in the utilization of genetic resources for genetically modified crops in China is proposed. And specific legislative proposals, so as to promote the healthy development of genetic resources utilization of transgenic crops in China.
Through the study, the main points of this article include: first, our current patent and plant new product rights system has given a certain legal basis for the protection of genetically modified crops, but not enough attention to the natural public properties of genetic resources, especially the carrier problem of farmers' rights; second, the intellectual property protection of genetically modified crops is not only protected by intellectual property rights. We should follow the principle of balance of interests, the principle of substantive fairness, encourage the principle of innovation, and adhere to the principle of preventing abuse and international cooperation, and seek for harmonious development in the prevention and cooperation. Third, the choice of legislation should be combined with the actual legal and external environment of our country, and it is not suitable for the special law mode to be transferred directly to the patent law by the protection of variety rights. On the basis of the registration of the genetic resources ownership of genetically modified crops, fourth, the system construction of genetic resources protection and utilization should be carried out, including the prior informed consent system, the benefit sharing system, the community common management system, the ecological compensation system, the right relief system, and so on; fifth, The rights of farmers as the basis and the framework of genetic resources should be injected into the public concept of community development rights. Through community sharing system system, the two-way interactive development approach of genetically modified crop genetic resources and intellectual property protection should be promoted.
Although the study of this paper touches the connotation, core and related system of genetic protection of genetically modified crops from multiple perspectives, but it is only a theoretical analysis and demonstration, it is still a new starting point. There are still many problems in theory and practice to be further studied and discussed. As a specific public product, genetically modified crops are not only a practical need to promote the development of the subject, but also an inevitable requirement of biological diversity. The protection of intellectual property rights of genetically modified crops should not only be limited to the traditional private law category, but should also be studied from the perspective of social overall interests to build a public security. The legal path of combining protection and utilization can truly realize the harmonious development of the organic combination of the right subject and object.

【學位授予單位】：華中農業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D923.4

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 施曉琳;;加強我國農業(yè)知識產權保護探討[J];安徽農業(yè)科學;2007年01期

2 宋秉斌;;試論我國農業(yè)知識產權的法律保護[J];安徽農業(yè)科學;2008年01期

3 楊義榮;;系統(tǒng)理論在作物育種領域中的應用[J];現代農業(yè)科技;2008年04期

4 李長健;徐麗峰;;植物新品種保護政策建議與措施研究[J];重慶科技學院學報(社會科學版);2010年02期

5 曹明德;;對建立生態(tài)補償法律機制的再思考[J];中國地質大學學報(社會科學版);2010年05期

6 楊明;基因資源知識產權保護中的權利濫用限制問題[J];電子知識產權;2003年12期

7 李長健;徐海萍;;我國轉基因植物知識產權法律保護問題研究——從技術視角到法律思維[J];電子知識產權;2008年06期

8 王建軍;;基因專利利益分享初探[J];法律適用;2010年09期

9 楊建軍,呂炳斌;美日歐基因專利保護相關政策及其借鑒意義[J];法學雜志;2003年02期

10 吳漢東;關于知識產權基本制度的經濟學思考[J];法學;2000年04期

，

本文編號：1887032