發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-03-25 12:50

【摘要】：人類正處在一個(gè)科學(xué)技術(shù)快速發(fā)展的時(shí)代。人類在享受科學(xué)技術(shù)帶來(lái)的巨大物質(zhì)財(cái)富的同時(shí)，也在遭受它所導(dǎo)致的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的威脅。環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是一種不同于傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境問(wèn)題的新型環(huán)境問(wèn)題。環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有與傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境問(wèn)題不同的特性和更高的復(fù)雜性。環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的、甚至是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的損害。越來(lái)越多的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)使人類開(kāi)始思考：是什么原因?qū)е氯绱硕嗟沫h(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的產(chǎn)生？如何才能應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)？風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則就是人類應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的產(chǎn)物。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則為人類環(huán)境保護(hù)行為設(shè)定了更高的要求，體現(xiàn)了人類在對(duì)待自然時(shí)的更加小心謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則由三個(gè)核心要素構(gòu)成：嚴(yán)重的或不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的威脅、科學(xué)上的不確定性以及本國(guó)能力范圍之內(nèi)的、符合成本效益的措施。但是由于環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所具有的特性和更高的復(fù)雜性，以及國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的三個(gè)要素所存在的爭(zhēng)議，導(dǎo)致風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的適用上存在較大的難度。所以，盡管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則在國(guó)際社會(huì)得到了越來(lái)越廣泛的認(rèn)可，但有關(guān)它的適用方面的討論從未停止。 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，環(huán)境與資源承受的壓力將會(huì)越來(lái)越大。因此，人類活動(dòng)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致越來(lái)越多的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的產(chǎn)生。從德國(guó)著名社會(huì)學(xué)家烏爾里�！へ惪说娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)理論中我們必須認(rèn)識(shí)到：人類社會(huì)已經(jīng)成為了一個(gè)充滿著各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)尤其是環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)，我們的未來(lái)極度的脆弱，我們必須為了未來(lái)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展而在現(xiàn)在就采取預(yù)防措施。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則作為國(guó)際環(huán)境法的一項(xiàng)基本原則，對(duì)于它的適用的研究，最終目的是將它納入到國(guó)內(nèi)環(huán)境法中，以使其更好地發(fā)揮應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的作用。 論文的第一部分首先從與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則相關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)概念談起，分析了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意識(shí)這三個(gè)基礎(chǔ)概念，不僅分析了其基本涵義，，還對(duì)于其在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的適用中發(fā)揮的作用進(jìn)行了探討。同時(shí)對(duì)烏爾里希·貝克的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)理論風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)理論進(jìn)行了闡釋。簡(jiǎn)要介紹了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的發(fā)展歷程以及將其翻譯為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的理由。從預(yù)防原則和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系來(lái)探討風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則適用中存在的問(wèn)題。 論文的第二部分是以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)作為背景，對(duì)于有關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則適用的討論的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題作了一個(gè)總結(jié)。論文的第二部分包括三個(gè)部分：在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)中適用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的意義，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則與國(guó)際環(huán)境法的其它原則的關(guān)系以及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的適用中一些存有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題。在探討風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)中適用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的部分，比照俄羅斯的“垃圾理論”設(shè)想了與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則相關(guān)的理論，突出強(qiáng)調(diào)了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則對(duì)于發(fā)展中國(guó)家的意義。 論文的第三部分對(duì)于構(gòu)成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的三個(gè)核心要素結(jié)合表格進(jìn)行了分析。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則包括三個(gè)核心要素：嚴(yán)重的或不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的威脅、科學(xué)上的不確定性以及本國(guó)能力范圍之內(nèi)的、符合成本效益的措施。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的三個(gè)核心要素是對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則進(jìn)行研究的重要基礎(chǔ)，也是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的適用中爭(zhēng)議比較多的地方。本文通過(guò)對(duì)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的三個(gè)核心要素進(jìn)行分析，對(duì)于一些有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題提出了一些新的觀點(diǎn)。針對(duì)閾值的確定，提出了“各領(lǐng)域環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)系數(shù)指南”和“環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)累積性影響指南”的設(shè)想。 論文的第四部分是對(duì)于國(guó)際環(huán)境法律文件中與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的適用相關(guān)的規(guī)定進(jìn)行的一個(gè)總結(jié)。 論文的第五部分，最后結(jié)合以上的這些研究，探討在我國(guó)如何進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的適用。首先分析風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則在我國(guó)適用的必要性，其次是從宏觀和微觀層面展開(kāi)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則在我國(guó)適用的探討。
[Abstract]:Human beings are in a time of rapid development of science and technology. The human being, while enjoying the great material wealth of science and technology, is also exposed to the threat of the environmental risks it has caused. Environmental risk is a new environmental problem that is different from the traditional environment. Environmental risks have different characteristics and higher complexity than traditional environmental problems. Environmental risk may lead to serious, or even irreversible, damage. An increasing number of environmental risks have enabled humans to think: what is the cause of so many environmental risks? How can environmental risk be met? The principle of risk prevention is the product of human response to environmental risks. The principle of risk prevention has set higher requirements for human environmental protection, which reflects the more careful attitude of human being in the treatment of natural environment. The principle of risk prevention consists of three core elements: serious or irreversible threats, scientific uncertainty, and cost-effective measures within its national capacity. However, due to the nature and the higher complexity of the environmental risk, and the controversy over the three elements of the risk prevention principle of the international community, there is a great difficulty in the application of the risk prevention principle. Therefore, while the principle of risk prevention has been widely recognized in the international community, the discussion on its application has never ceased. With the development of economy, the pressure of environment and resources will become more and more Large. As a result, human activities can result in an increasing number of environmental risks From the risk-social theory of the German well-known sociologist Ullich Baker, we must realize that the human society has become a risk society that is full of risks, especially environmental risks, and our future is extremely fragile Weak, we must take preventive measures now for the long-term development of the future Application of the principle of risk prevention as a fundamental principle of international environmental law and its application to the application of it, with the ultimate aim of incorporating it into domestic environmental law so that it can better play its role in dealing with environmental risks The first part of this paper begins with the basic concepts related to the principle of risk prevention, analyzes the three basic concepts of risk, environment risk and risk consciousness, not only analyses its basic meaning, but also plays an important role in the application of the principle of risk prevention. This paper discusses the risk and social theory of Uri-Baker's risk society. The development of the principle of risk prevention and its translation into the principle of risk prevention are briefly introduced. The rationale for exploring the application of the principle of risk prevention from the difference and link between the precautionary principle and the risk prevention principle The second part of the paper is the focus of the discussion on the application of the risk prevention principle in the background of the risk society. The second part of the thesis consists of three parts: the significance of the application of the principle of risk prevention in the risk society, the relationship between the principle of risk prevention and the other principles of international environmental law and the application of the principle of risk prevention The issue of the dispute. In the part of the application of the principle of risk prevention in the risk society, the theory related to the principle of risk prevention is envisaged in the light of the "the theory of garbage" of Russia, and the principle of risk prevention is emphasized in the development The meaning of the country. The third part of the paper is the combination of three core elements that form the principle of risk prevention The table is analysed. The risk prevention principles include three core elements: serious or irreversible threats, scientific uncertainty and national capacity The three core elements of the principle of risk prevention are the important basis of the research on the principle of risk prevention and the application of the principle of risk prevention. In this paper, through the analysis of three core elements of the principle of risk prevention, this paper puts forward some controversial issues. Some new ideas are presented. For the determination of the threshold, "Guidelines for Environmental Impact Factors in the Field" and

"Guidelines for the present mental riser" 【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D996.9

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 楊凡;北極生態(tài)保護(hù)法律研究[D];中國(guó)海洋大學(xué);2010年

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