本文關(guān)鍵詞： 民國 律師 執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)　出處：《華東政法大學(xué)》2011年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：法律職業(yè)是任何一個(gè)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常的社會(huì)必不可少的組成部分,而律師是法律職業(yè)群體中非常重要的成員。在某種意義上,可以說律師職業(yè)是法律職業(yè)的起點(diǎn),律師的執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)奠定了一個(gè)國家法律職業(yè)的基礎(chǔ),這一點(diǎn)在英美法系國家尤其明顯,掌握國家司法權(quán)的法官是從長期的律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)中獲得了法律實(shí)踐的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。因此,研究分析一個(gè)國家或地區(qū)某一歷史階段司法制度的運(yùn)作情況,其重要途徑之一就是考察律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)情況。 論文在前人研究近代或民國時(shí)期律師現(xiàn)象的基礎(chǔ)之上,借鑒此前學(xué)界關(guān)于近代或民國律師制度、律師職業(yè)發(fā)展歷程以及某一區(qū)域律師活動(dòng)情況的研究成果,考察民國律師在司法活動(dòng)中的具體表現(xiàn)和實(shí)際發(fā)揮的作用,透視民國律師制度的實(shí)際運(yùn)用效果。研究內(nèi)容圍繞民國律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)文化環(huán)境、法律適用和律師行業(yè)法律規(guī)制等制度環(huán)境,民國律師執(zhí)行職務(wù)的范圍及其演變,民國律師在執(zhí)行職務(wù)中的具體表現(xiàn),影響民國律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的職業(yè)群體如司法人員、訟師以及外籍律師等,主要以檔案文獻(xiàn)為研究基礎(chǔ),分析民國律師執(zhí)行職務(wù)的能力以及民國律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)、影響及其原因。 論文由導(dǎo)論、第一至六章和余論三部分組成。在導(dǎo)論部分,介紹了選題的緣起與研究意義、國內(nèi)外研究狀況、所使用的資料、研究思路和研究方法以及創(chuàng)新和不足之處,并對文中相關(guān)概念進(jìn)行了界定。正文前五章研究了民國律師的執(zhí)業(yè)環(huán)境、執(zhí)業(yè)范圍、執(zhí)業(yè)行為、執(zhí)業(yè)能力以及影響民國律師執(zhí)業(yè)的群體,第六章是對民國律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的評述與總結(jié)。在余論部分,闡述了與本文研究內(nèi)容有關(guān)的兩個(gè)話題。正文第一至六章的主要內(nèi)容如下: 第一章圍繞民國律師執(zhí)業(yè)的社會(huì)環(huán)境、律師行業(yè)的法律規(guī)制以及律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的法律適用等問題,闡述了清末民初社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展以及民眾的權(quán)利意識(shí)和訴訟觀念變化,并梳理了律師制度的確立及其修訂情況,介紹了民國不同時(shí)期律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)適用的法律以及司法機(jī)關(guān)和審級制度等內(nèi)容,分析了民國不同時(shí)期的法律狀況對律師開展執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的影響。 第二章圍繞民國律師的法定職務(wù)范圍及其演變展開。通過考察民國不同時(shí)期法律規(guī)范對律師職務(wù)的相關(guān)規(guī)定,透視民國時(shí)期律師職務(wù)的具體內(nèi)容及其變化情況,并闡述了民國政府對律師職務(wù)的種種限制,這種限制涉及到律師執(zhí)業(yè)的地域、具體職務(wù)類型以及律師介入訴訟案件的不同階段,律師為了拓展職業(yè)生存空間進(jìn)行了不懈的努力。 第三章圍繞民國律師的執(zhí)業(yè)行為展開,重在考察民國律師執(zhí)行職務(wù)時(shí)的具體表現(xiàn)。按照律師執(zhí)行職務(wù)時(shí)的通常順序,首先闡述了律師招攬業(yè)務(wù)的手段以及接受委托、收取律師費(fèi)用等與律師獲得代理權(quán)和辯護(hù)權(quán)有關(guān)的問題。在研究律師如何辦理訴訟案件時(shí),選取了1935年轟動(dòng)北平的劉景桂殺害滕爽一案的審判檔案,詳細(xì)考察了民國律師如何開展訴訟案件開庭前的準(zhǔn)備工作以及律師在庭審中的地位和作用。 第四章采用實(shí)證分析的方法,以司法檔案文獻(xiàn)為資料透視民國律師的執(zhí)業(yè)能力,主要內(nèi)容涉及律師對個(gè)案的掌控、對法律適用的把握以及對訴訟結(jié)果的影響等三個(gè)方面,具體分析了民國律師如何根據(jù)委托人的利益需求引導(dǎo)訴訟進(jìn)程,影響訴訟結(jié)果。民國時(shí)期編輯出版的優(yōu)秀律師法律文書是律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的成果之一,論文選取了文辭情理俱佳的民國律師法律文書范例,分析律師對法律文書的運(yùn)用情況。文中還闡述了律師在法庭之外的司法實(shí)踐活動(dòng),包括積極參與律師公會(huì)工作、參與立法和司法改革以及精英律師的學(xué)術(shù)研究活動(dòng)等。 第五章對影響民國律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的相關(guān)群體構(gòu)成及其司法活動(dòng)進(jìn)行了研究。民國時(shí)期,司法官吏、訟師以及外籍律師共同構(gòu)成了廣義上的法律職業(yè)共同體,審判人員及其輔助人員的素質(zhì)和履行職務(wù)情況對律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)均有一定的影響;訟師的活動(dòng)在民國禁而不絕,訟師與律師呈現(xiàn)出競爭與合作并存的特殊關(guān)系;清末出現(xiàn)在租界的外籍律師活動(dòng),在民國時(shí)期逐漸得到規(guī)范,并隨著中國律師業(yè)的發(fā)展走向衰落。 第六章為民國律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的評述與總結(jié)。首先闡述了各界對民國律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的認(rèn)識(shí)與評價(jià):民國政府對律師基本上是持歧視態(tài)度;民眾的評價(jià)則是褒貶不一;至于律師群體而言,基本上沒有法律職業(yè)價(jià)值認(rèn)同感。作為全文的總結(jié),還分析了民國律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的特征、地位和影響。律師活動(dòng)在民國初年呈現(xiàn)出蓬勃發(fā)展之勢;到1930年代律師的執(zhí)業(yè)能力普遍提高,執(zhí)業(yè)行為較為規(guī)范;在南京國民政府后期,律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)整體表現(xiàn)為消極和逐步?jīng)]落,律師執(zhí)業(yè)的積極性呈現(xiàn)出下降的趨勢,訴訟案件中有律師出庭參與的比率下降,而且對律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的管理較為混亂。民國時(shí)期律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)是當(dāng)時(shí)國家司法活動(dòng)的重要組成部分,在一定程度上,律師通過履行職務(wù)監(jiān)督了國家司法權(quán)的實(shí)施,民國律師主流群體表現(xiàn)出法律人的專業(yè)性和敬業(yè)精神,也體現(xiàn)了中國知識(shí)階層的進(jìn)步性。民國律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的具體表現(xiàn)形態(tài)及其所能發(fā)揮的作用受到了傳統(tǒng)法律文化、法律改革、新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)以及民國時(shí)期動(dòng)蕩的政治局勢、頻繁的戰(zhàn)爭等多種因素的交互影響,在各種不利因素的制約之下,民國時(shí)期的律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)所能發(fā)揮的作用與影響是有限的。 民國律師制度的確立奠定了律師作為自由職業(yè)者的身份,法律制度的漸趨完備為民國律師執(zhí)行職務(wù)提供了必要的司法環(huán)境。但民國時(shí)期的政治民主和司法環(huán)境并不盡如人意,律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)受到各種制約,難以發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的社會(huì)作用,尤其是到了南京國民政府后期,律師執(zhí)業(yè)活動(dòng)的積極性和正當(dāng)性均有明顯的弱化。
[Abstract]:The legal occupation is an indispensable part of any one of the normal functioning of the society, and the lawyer is a very important member of the legal occupation group. In a sense, can be said that the lawyer occupation is the starting point of legal occupation, the practice of law laid the foundation for the legal profession of a country, especially in the UK master of law countries, national judicial judge is from long-term lawyers get legal practice experience activities. Therefore, to analyze the operation of a historical stage of the judicial system of a country or region, it is one of the important way to study the lawyer practice.
Based on previous research on modern law phenomenon or the Republic of China, referring to previous studies on the modern lawyer system, researches the lawyer occupation development process as well as a regional law activity, study specific performance of the lawyers in the judicial activities and play a role in the results of the practical application perspective of the lawyer system in the Republic of China research content around the bar activities in Republic of China's social economic and cultural environment, the law and lawyers legal system environment, the scope of the lawyers to perform their duties and their evolution, the specific performance of National Lawyers in performing duties, occupation groups influence Republican lawyer activities such as judicial personnel, as well as foreign lawyers and other major litigation. The archives based on the characteristics analysis of the ability of lawyers perform their duties and in practice of law, influence And its reasons.
The thesis consists of introduction, chapter one to chapter six and conclusion of three parts. In the introduction part, introduces the origin and significance of the topic, research status at home and abroad, the use of materials, research ideas and research methods and innovations and shortcomings, and the related concepts are defined. The first five chapters of practice the environment of the lawyer's scope of practice, practice, practice ability and Republican lawyer group, the sixth chapter is the summary and review of the bar activities in Republic of China. In the last part, this paper expounds the two topics related to the research content of this dissertation. The main contents of the first chapter to the six chapter are as follows:
The first chapter is the social environment around the Republican lawyer, lawyer and lawyer of the legal regulation of the industry activities in the legal application, elaborated the Qing Dynasty society, economic development and people's awareness of rights and litigation concept, and analyzes the establishment and revision of the lawyer system, introduces the legal and judicial organs and the trial level system other contents in different periods of the Republic of the lawyer practice, analyzes the influence of legal status in different periods of the Republic for lawyers to carry out business activities.
The second chapter on the lawyer's legal position and its evolution. By studying the different periods of the Republic legal norms on the post of lawyer of the relevant provisions, specific content and change of perspective in the period of Republic of China lawyer office, and expounds the government of the Republic of China a restriction on their duties as lawyers, this limitation relates to the lawyers in the region, different stages of concrete the type and position of lawyers involved in litigation cases, lawyers have made unremitting efforts in order to expand the living space occupation.
The third chapter on the lawyer's practice, focuses on the specific performance of duty execution. According to the usual order of duty execution, first elaborated the law means to attract business and accept the Commission, charged attorney fees and lawyer to get the agent right and right of defense related issues in research on how to handle the lawyer. Litigation cases, selected the 1935 blockbuster murder of Peking Teng Shuang by Liu Jinggui trial records, detailed examination of the status and role of the lawyers to carry out pre-trial preparation and lawyers in the trial.
The fourth chapter uses the empirical analysis method, the judicial archives data to examine the lawyer's practicing ability, mainly concerning the lawyer control of the case, on the three aspects of the law applicable to the grasp and the influence on the outcome of the lawsuit, the specific analysis of the law according to the interests of the client needs to guide the litigation process, impact litigation results. Excellent lawyer legal documents published during the period of Republic of China is one of the lawyers' practice results, this paper selects examples of the lawyers legal documents and the reason analysis of the language of legal documents, the use of the case. The paper also discusses the judicial practice lawyers outside the court, including active participation in the work of the bar association. To participate in the legislative and judicial reform and elite law academic research activities.
The fifth chapter studies the Constitution and judicial activities related groups influence the bar activities in Republic of China. The Republic of China, judicial officials, foreign lawyers and Songshi constitute the legal occupation community in general, judges and assistant personnel and the quality of his duty to practice activities have certain influence the situation of lawyers in Songshi activities; the ban has Songshi and lawyers showing the special relationship between competition and cooperation; in the late Qing Dynasty appeared in the settlement of foreign lawyers, has been standardized in the Republic of China, and with the decline of Chinese lawyer industry development trend.
The sixth chapter is the summary and review of the bar activities in Republic of China. First elaborated the understanding and evaluation on the practice of law from all walks of life: the government of the Republic of China on law basically is a discriminatory attitude; people's evaluation is mixed; as for lawyers, there is no legal occupation value basically. As a conclusion, the characteristics of in the practice of law is analyzed, the status and influence. The lawyer activities show a booming trend in the early years of the Republic of China; by 1930s the lawyers' practice ability is generally improved, more standardized; in Nanjing national government period, the lawyer practice for the overall performance of negative and declining, the enthusiasm of lawyers declined the trend of decreasing rate of lawsuit in lawyers involved, and the lawyer activity management is in disorder. The period of the Republic of China Lawyer Practice Was an important part of the national judicial activities, to a certain extent, the lawyer supervision of the implementation of national jurisdiction by performing their duties, the lawyers of the mainstream groups showed the legal person's professionalism and dedication, but also reflects the progress of knowledge. China class specific form in lawyer practice and play the role is the traditional legal culture, legal reform, the new culture movement in the Republic of China and the turbulent political situation, many factors such as frequent war, under the restriction of various unfavorable factors, the activities of Republican lawyers can play a role and influence is limited.
The establishment of lawyer system in the Republic of China established the lawyer as a free occupation of the identity of the legal system of the Republic of China to become complete lawyers perform their duties to provide the necessary judicial environment. But the period of the Republic of China's political democracy and legal environment is not satisfactory, the lawyer practice by all kinds of constraints, it is difficult to play its due role in society, especially in Nanjing the national government period, the lawyer practice enthusiasm and obvious legitimacy has weakened.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D926.5;D929

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 尤陳俊;;陰影下的正當(dāng)性——清末民初的律師職業(yè)與律師制度[J];法學(xué);2012年12期

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 應(yīng)嬋s，

本文編號：1494360