三苯基錫與維甲酸X受體抑制劑UVI3003對爪蟾胚胎的致畸機(jī)制
[Abstract]:Retinoid X receptor (RXR) is an important target for a variety of environmental pollutants and drugs. Triphenyltin (TPT) is a typical RXR agonist. Organotin is considered to be one of the most toxic chemicals introduced into the marine system artificially. However, our previous studies have found that TPT has the greatest toxic effect on Xenopus embryos. The teratogenic effects of RXR agonists 9-cis retinoic acid (9c-RA), fluorobexarotine (FBA) are quite different from those of RXR highly selective inhibitors UVI3003. Therefore, we speculate that TPT and UVI3003 may have similar teratogenic mechanisms in Xenopus laevis embryos. The teratogenic mechanism of Xenopus laevis embryos induced by TPT and UVI 3003 was studied by genomics, qRT-PCR quantitative analysis, microinjection, whole embryo in situ hybridization and cell transfection. Firstly, according to the characteristics of Xenopus laevis embryos, seven exposure windows were divided in the period of NF 10-43. The teratogenic ability of UVI3003 was weaker in the stage of NF 10-25, increased significantly in the stage of NF 25-39, and decreased in the stage of NF 39-43. The characteristic phenotypes of malformation caused by UVI3003 in the embryos of Xenopus laevis were microcephaly and lens. The QRT-PCR data of UVI3003 showed that the effects of RXR-related nuclear receptor genes on the whole embryonic development were different in stages. However, UVI3003 significantly inhibited the expression of PPA-gamma gene and up-regulated the negative expression of PPARy during the whole embryonic exposure of Xenopus tropicalis. These results suggest that the PPAR gamma gene plays an important role in the teratogenic process of UVI3003. The results of gene chip analysis show that 250,500,750 ug/LUVI3003 together affect rps15, serp2, fmr1, CYP2E1 lrrc9, ugtla and LOC1004 under mild window. The expression of 901887 genes is mainly affected by glucose metabolism, insulin signaling pathway and steroid signaling pathway. Under the sensitive mode, 18 genes are significantly regulated. UVI 3003 mainly interferes with PPAR signaling pathway, glutathione metabolism and nitrogen metabolism. RXR-RAR is considered to be the first teratogenic pathway of retinoic acid (RA). According to the above results, we speculate that the PPAR signaling pathway is more likely to be the potential mechanism of teratogenic effect of UVI3003 on Xenopus tropicalis embryos. It was found that both TPT and UVI3003 could effectively activate Xenopus laevis PPARy in vitro (Cos7 cells) and Xenopus laevis embryos, while UVI3003 had little activity on human PPARy and mouse PPARy. This indicated that activation of PPARy was a potential mechanism leading to similar abnormal phenotypes of TPT and UVI3003 in Xenopus laevis embryos. The new view that XR highly selective inhibitor UVI3003 is a Xenopus-specific PPARy nuclear receptor agonist at the same time reveals the teratogenic mechanism of TPT and UVI3003 on Xenopus laevis embryos. In order to study the function of PPARgamma gene in the teratogenic process of TPT, we injected 150 pgPPA into Xenopus laevis embryos by microinjection. Rgamma mRNA and 10NG E2I2 Morpholino overexpressed and knocked out the PPAR gamma gene. The injected embryos were then re-exposed to 0,5,15,20 UG Sn/LTPT solution. Several abnormal phenotypes of Xenopus tropicalis embryos were identified. The teratogenicity and exposure to 20 UG Sn/LTPT produced a toxic superposition effect leading to embryo death. The expression pattern of PPP4R gamma in the neural crest and canal during the embryonic period showed that the expression of PPAR gamma was mainly in the neural crest and canal. These results have established a link between the response of the sensitive gene PPARgamma to TPT exposure and the phenotypic characteristics of embryonic eye malformations. Finally, in order to study the role of RXR in retinoic acid teratogenesis, all-trans retinoic acid (at-trans retinoic acid) was selected as the selective agonist of RAR and RXR, respectively. RA, FBA and their co-agonists 9-cis-retinoic acid (9c-RA) were used to compare and analyze the effects of the three agonists on gene expression profiles of Xenopus laevis embryos by gene chip technique. The results of gene chip analysis showed that RAR agonist at-RA mainly interfered with retinol metabolism, glycolysis, starch and sucrose metabolism signaling pathways, while RXR agonists interfered with a wider range of energy homeostasis pathways. It also interferes with adipocytokine signaling pathways, insulin tolerance, FoxO signaling pathways, and PPAR signaling pathways. RXR is the ligand of multiple nuclear receptors in the nuclear receptor family. This characteristic opens the possibility that RXR agonists can affect the downstream biological effects of multiple allowable dimers, such as RXR-PPAR, by activating RXR. RXR-PPAR plays an important role in the teratogenic process as well as through the known RXR-RAR pathway. In conclusion, a new viewpoint that the highly selective inhibitor of RXR, UVI3003, is also a Xenopus-specific PPAR gamma receptor agonist, has been proposed for the first time in this paper. The potential mechanism of Xenopus laevis embryos to induce similar phenotypes was established, and the relationship between the response of sensitive gene PPARgamma to TPT exposure and the phenotypic characteristics of embryonic eye malformation was established. Molecular index data are provided.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2017
【分類號】:X174
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