本文選題：羊毛文物 + 微痕跡　； 參考：《浙江理工大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：中國是一個歷史悠久的文明古國,在幾千年的歷史長河中,遺留下了無數(shù)的珍貴文物。在廣泛的文物中,蛋白類文物品種豐富,涉及面十分廣闊,如古代彩繪類文物膠粘劑中大多數(shù)用蛋白類膠粘劑,有動物膠,蛋類,牛奶等;再如以皮革或毛皮為原料加工而成的毛皮類制品等;還有許多編織風(fēng)格絕美,舒服透氣的古代紡織品等。蛋白類文物的主要成分是各種蛋白質(zhì)有機物,而這類文物易受到光、熱、氧氣、微生物等的外界條件的影響而發(fā)生降解,經(jīng)常老化受損嚴(yán)重,難以辨別,甚至有很大一部分會降解而留下蛋白微痕跡,對于這些形貌損毀嚴(yán)重的蛋白類文物,傳統(tǒng)的鑒定手段雖然能為蛋白類殘留物的鑒別提供有利的信息,但也很難對文物做出較為精準(zhǔn)的判斷。因此,需要尋找一種更為科學(xué)高效的方法來檢測鑒定這類文物。研究蛋白質(zhì)文物對于研究我國古代政治、經(jīng)濟和文化有著非常重要的意義。本課題首次采用間接酶聯(lián)免疫技術(shù)對蛋白類文物進(jìn)行了檢測鑒定,主要包括對毛類文物微痕跡的檢測,對古代大藏經(jīng)文物的蛋白質(zhì)膠成分鑒定,以及對古代皮類文物的皮革種屬鑒定。酶聯(lián)免疫技術(shù)具有所需要的樣品量少,操作過程簡單,并對所檢測物質(zhì)靈敏度高,特異性強等優(yōu)點。正因如此,酶聯(lián)免疫技術(shù)在考古學(xué)界中應(yīng)用也越來越廣泛。本課題對毛類文物微痕跡的檢測,采用氫氧化鈉/雙氧水體系提取角蛋白,以角蛋白作為完全抗原進(jìn)行動物免疫,采用間接ELISA法對角蛋白進(jìn)行靈敏度檢測,靈敏度為10ng/ml。并分別對四種毛類文物樣進(jìn)行檢測,達(dá)到了預(yù)期的結(jié)果。又對古代大藏經(jīng)文物的蛋白質(zhì)膠成分鑒定的研究中,采用動物免疫制備出的兔抗I型膠原蛋白多克隆抗體,證明出古代大藏經(jīng)文物樣的粘連區(qū)和墨跡區(qū)中蛋白質(zhì)膠結(jié)物種類是I型膠原蛋白,并且I型膠原蛋白在粘連區(qū)和墨跡區(qū)中所占百分比分別為61.44%和15.4%。在對古代皮類文物的皮革種屬鑒定的研究中,采用動物免疫制備出的羊抗鼠膠原蛋白I型抗體ab23446和羊抗兔膠原蛋白I型抗體ab117119兩種抗體對古代皮革進(jìn)行鑒定,得到結(jié)論這些皮革均來自牛皮,并且膠原蛋白I型含量在三種文物樣中的百分比分別為80.74%,62.54%和44.75%。綜上研究,本課題建立了古代蛋白類文物的提取和免疫鑒定技術(shù)體系。這一技術(shù)的建立,不僅填補了古代蛋白類材料鑒定領(lǐng)域的空白,也為考古界蛋白質(zhì)類文物的檢測鑒定提供了一種新的思路和方法。
[Abstract]:China is a country with a long history of civilization, in the thousands of years of history, left behind countless precious cultural relics. In a wide range of cultural relics, protein cultural relics are rich in variety, covering a wide range of areas, such as ancient painted cultural relics adhesive most of the protein adhesives, there are animal glue, eggs, milk and so on; For example, fur products made from leather or furs, and many ancient textiles with excellent weaving style and breathable air. The main components of protein cultural relics are all kinds of protein organic compounds, and these cultural relics are easily degraded by external conditions such as light, heat, oxygen, microbes, etc. They are often seriously damaged by aging and are difficult to distinguish. Even a large part of them will degrade and leave small traces of protein. For these seriously damaged protein relics, the traditional means of identification can provide useful information for the identification of protein residues. But it is also difficult to make a more accurate judgment on cultural relics. Therefore, there is a need to find a more scientific and efficient method to detect and identify such artifacts. The study of protein relics is of great significance to the study of ancient Chinese politics, economy and culture. For the first time, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) was used to detect and identify protein antiquities. And the identification of leather species of ancient leather relics. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) has the advantages of small sample size, simple operation, high sensitivity and specificity. Because of this, enzyme linked Immunoassay (Elisa) has become more and more widely used in archaeology. In this study, keratin was extracted by sodium hydroxide / hydrogen peroxide system, keratin was immunized with keratin as complete antigen, and sensitivity of keratin was detected by indirect ELISA method with sensitivity of 10 ng / ml. Four kinds of woolen cultural relic samples were tested, and the expected results were achieved. In the study on the identification of protein glue components of ancient Tibetan classics, rabbit polyclonal antibodies against type I collagen were prepared by animal immunity. It is proved that the type of protein binder is type I collagen, and the percentage of type I collagen in adhesion area and ink area is 61.44% and 15.4%, respectively. In the study on the identification of leather species of ancient leather relics, two kinds of antibodies, sheep anti-rat collagen type I (ab23446) and sheep anti-rabbit collagen type I (ab117119), which were prepared by animal immunity, were used to identify the ancient leather. It was concluded that all of these leather were from cattle skin, and the percentage of collagen type I in the three cultural relic samples was 80.74% and 44.75%, respectively. On the basis of the above research, the technology system of extraction and immunological identification of ancient protein cultural relics has been established. The establishment of this technique not only fills up the blank in the field of identification of ancient protein materials, but also provides a new idea and method for the detection and identification of protein cultural relics in archaeological circles.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：Q503;K854.2

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