本文選題：一戰(zhàn) + 宣傳�。� 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：一戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)之后,各主要參戰(zhàn)國家為了整合戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)資源同時(shí)打擊敵方民眾意志而展開了“宣傳戰(zhàn)”,對(duì)國內(nèi)、敵對(duì)國、中立國以及殖民地展開宣傳活動(dòng)。美國卷入大戰(zhàn)之后,在威爾遜的授意下也成立了公共信息委員會(huì)以總理美國戰(zhàn)時(shí)宣傳事務(wù)。當(dāng)時(shí)中國雖國力不濟(jì),不能直接影響大戰(zhàn)的走向,但因其龐大的市場(chǎng)利益空間以及豐富的自然資源亦成為各國爭(zhēng)相宣傳的對(duì)象。在此大的環(huán)境下,英國壟斷了向中國發(fā)送信息的電纜,日本在宣傳中借助于英日同盟也加大了對(duì)中國的宣傳力度,而參戰(zhàn)后的美國在中國的宣傳卻受到英日的壓制。為了改善因《藍(lán)辛—石井》協(xié)定帶來的負(fù)面影響,同時(shí)宣傳美國的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)目的和威爾遜戰(zhàn)后的世界秩序,1918年9月公共信息委員會(huì)在中國設(shè)立了分部,由卡爾·克勞領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。卡爾·克勞的任命并非毫無依據(jù)。出生于密蘇里州的克勞擁有新聞學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn),又曾經(jīng)在中國工作、游歷,對(duì)于中國有一定的了解。另外,他在中國有著豐富的人脈:既與當(dāng)時(shí)中國政府官員保持來往,又是“密蘇里新聞幫”這一遠(yuǎn)東新聞團(tuán)體的核心人員,再者,在華密蘇里人分布廣泛,且從事職業(yè)各不相同。以上這些對(duì)于克勞的宣傳而言都是重要的中間媒介。公共信息委員會(huì)在華分部的宣傳活動(dòng)以宣傳美國戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)目標(biāo)、威爾遜戰(zhàn)后世界秩序的理念為重要內(nèi)容,同時(shí)向中國全面介紹美國國內(nèi)民眾的生活方式,最大限度地彰顯美國在大戰(zhàn)中發(fā)揮的作用。克勞采用的宣傳手段亦是另辟蹊徑,通過教會(huì)學(xué)校、郵政系統(tǒng)、多國公司等途徑盡可能的擴(kuò)大受眾面積。同時(shí),通過中美新聞社這一機(jī)構(gòu),克勞借助中國業(yè)已發(fā)展的報(bào)社體系,為中國報(bào)社廉價(jià)提供有關(guān)美國國內(nèi)外的信息。隨著宣傳活動(dòng)的深入發(fā)展,中國民眾,特別是知識(shí)分子階層對(duì)于美國的認(rèn)識(shí)不斷深化;對(duì)于美國參與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)目的、威爾遜戰(zhàn)后世界秩序的安排的認(rèn)知也在不斷加深。以上的諸多變化都與美國公共信息委員會(huì)的對(duì)華宣傳密切相關(guān)。公共信息委員會(huì)在中國的宣傳活動(dòng)既反映了當(dāng)時(shí)列強(qiáng)之間貌合神離的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)態(tài)勢(shì),同時(shí)也凸顯了宣傳的作用。在該機(jī)構(gòu)的宣傳下,中國民眾對(duì)于美國國家性質(zhì)的認(rèn)知發(fā)生了變化:從傳統(tǒng)意義上的列強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾轮刃虻某珜?dǎo)者,國家形象得到了改善;中國民眾在對(duì)美國的認(rèn)知廣度和深度方面都有明顯提升;美國總統(tǒng)威爾遜也成為了中國家喻戶曉的第一位美國總統(tǒng)。更為重要的是,威爾遜提出的“民族自決”等理念極大的影響了中國民眾,中國知識(shí)分子階層對(duì)于大戰(zhàn)的訴求也因此發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變。
[Abstract]:After the outbreak of the first World War, the major participating countries launched a propaganda war to integrate war resources and attack the will of the enemy people, and carried out propaganda activities to the domestic, hostile, neutral and colonial countries. After the United States was involved in the war, Wilson also established the Public Information Commission to promote American wartime propaganda. At that time, although China's national strength was weak, it could not directly affect the trend of the war, but because of its huge market interest space and abundant natural resources, it also became the object of propaganda all over the world. In this big environment, Britain monopolized the cable of sending information to China, Japan increased its propaganda to China with the help of the alliance of Britain and Japan, but the propaganda of the United States in China after joining the war was suppressed by Britain and Japan. In order to improve the negative effects caused by the "Lansian-Ishii" Agreement, and to publicize the American war objectives and Wilson's post-war world order, the Public Information Committee established a branch in China in September 1918, headed by Carl Crowe. Carl Crowe's appointment was not groundless. Born in Missouri, Crowe has professional knowledge and experience in journalism, has worked and traveled in China, and has a good understanding of China. In addition, he has a rich network in China: he maintained contacts with officials of the Chinese government at that time, was also the core member of the "Missouri News Gang", a far Eastern news organization. Moreover, the Missouri people were widely distributed in China. And engaged in different occupations. All of this is an important medium for Crowe's propaganda. The publicity activities of the China branch of the Public Information Commission focused on publicizing the objectives of the US war and Wilson's idea of the post-war world order. At the same time, it comprehensively introduced to China the way of life of the American people in the United States. To the greatest extent possible, the United States played a role in the war. Crowe is also using a different approach, through church schools, the postal system, multinational companies and other channels to expand the audience as much as possible. At the same time, with the help of China's developed newspaper system, Crowe provided cheap information about the United States and abroad to Chinese newspapers through the Sino-American news agency. With the further development of propaganda activities, the Chinese people, especially the intellectuals, have deepened their understanding of the United States and the arrangement of Wilson's post-war world order for the purpose of American participation in the war. Many of the above changes are closely related to the publicity of the US Public Information Commission to China. The publicity activities of the Public Information Commission in China not only reflect the competition between the powers at that time, but also highlight the role of propaganda. Under the propaganda of the organization, the Chinese people's perception of the national character of the United States has changed: from the traditional sense of the great powers to the advocates of a new order, the image of the country has been improved; Chinese people have seen a marked increase in the breadth and depth of their understanding of the United States, and President Wilson has become the first U.S. president to be a household name in China. More importantly, Wilson's idea of "national self-determination" greatly influenced the Chinese people, and the demands of the Chinese intellectuals for the war also changed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K712.5;K258

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本文編號(hào)：1970849