前言:四塊枕下肌分別是:頭后大直肌,頭后小直肌,頭上斜肌和頭下斜肌。它們的肌梭密度都較高。肌梭能感知肌肉的長度和肌肉長度變化的頻率,并將信息整合傳遞給中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)利用這些信息來保持肌肉張力,身體姿勢和平衡。雖然枕下肌肉主要功能是幫助頭部伸展和頭部旋轉(zhuǎn),但因為其他較大的肌肉也參與頭部的這些運動,所以大部分研究人員認為,頭后直肌在頭部運動中只起到很小的作用。上頸關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)生的很小屈曲的動作也會引發(fā)椎旁肌內(nèi)肌梭大量傳入信息。因此枕下肌這種本體感受的作用,使得它們可能與姿勢調(diào)節(jié),頭部運動以及感知關(guān)節(jié)運動和位置有關(guān)。1995年,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)在寰枕間隙,頭后小直肌和硬脊膜之間存在一個致密的結(jié)締組織連接。這個致密的結(jié)締組織連接被稱為肌硬膜橋。后來眾多學(xué)者通過大體解剖,組織學(xué)和塑化技術(shù)驗證了肌硬膜橋這個結(jié)構(gòu)。頭后直肌,頭下斜肌和項韌帶都被證實會通過寰枕、寰樞間隙,參與形成肌硬膜橋。枕下肌與慢性頭痛,慢性頸痛(不是慢性,潛伏性頸痛)以及緊張型頭痛之間存在關(guān)系,但原因卻不清楚。研究表明有慢性頸部疼痛、緊張型頭痛以及頸部扭傷相關(guān)疾病的患者,其枕下肌肉存在脂肪浸潤和橫截面積顯著減少的現(xiàn)象。相反,在慢性...

【文章頁數(shù)】：145 頁

【學(xué)位級別】：博士

【文章目錄】：
摘要
ABSTRACT
1.Background
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Myodural bridge in humans
    1.3 Myodural bridge in vertebrate animals
    1.4 Functions associated with the myodural bridge
    1.5 Research questions
    1.6 Aim of the study
    1.7 Objectives
    1.8 Research justification
    1.9 Research Hypothesis
2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
    2.1 Materials
    2.2 Methods
        2.2.1 Animal handling
        2.2.2 Gross anatomical studies
        2.2.3 Histological studies
        2.2.4 Haemotoxylin and eosin stain
        2.2.5 Masson trichrome stain
        2.2.6 Sirius red staining in saturated carbazotic acid
        2.2.7 Scanning electron microscopy
3.RESULTS
    PART Ⅰ
        3.1 Gross anatomical dissections of the suboccipital region of bats and tree shrews
        3.2 Histological studies
            3.2.1 H&E stained sections
            3.2.2 Masson trichrome stain sections
            3.2.3 Sirius red in saturated carbazotic acid sections
    PART Ⅱ
        3.3 Gross anatomy of the suboccipital muscles(Columba livia)
        3.4 Light microscopic histology
            3.4.1 Hematoxylin-eosin stained sections
            3.4.2 Masson trichrome stained sections
            3.4.3 Sirius red in saturated carbazotic acid sections
            3.4.4 Scanning electron microscopy
4.DISCUSSION
    4.1 CONCLUSION
    4.2 REFERENCES
5.LITERATURE REVIEW
    5.1 Development of the vertebrae
        5.1.1 Somites formation
        5.1.2 Development of the sclerotomes
        5.1.3 Development of intervertebral discs
        5.1.4 Embryology of the occipitocervical junction
        5.1.5 Embryology of the third to seventh cervical vertebrae
        5.1.6 Molecular signaling involved in the development of the vertebrae
    5.2 The meninges
        5.2.1 Dura mater
        5.2.2 Arachnoid mater
        5.2.3 Pia mater
    5.3 Embryology of the meninges
    5.4 Epidural ligaments
    5.5 The myodural bridge
    5.6 Spinal dura mater at the occipto-cervical junction
    5.7 Myodural bridge in mammals and reptiles
    5.8 Functional significance of the myodural bridge
        5.8.1 The myodural bridge and headache
    5.9 The choroid plexus
        5.9.1 Choroid plexus ion transporters
        5.9.2 Molecular signaling involved in the development of the choroid plexus
References
List of abbreviations
Acknowelgements
Published Papers



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