發(fā)布時間：2018-04-24 00:28

  本文選題：光譜分子結(jié)構(gòu) + 營養(yǎng)代謝特性��； 參考：《東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：國產(chǎn)雙低菜籽粕(Co PR)、加拿大雙低油菜籽粕(Co PC)和豆粕(Co PS)的營養(yǎng)利用率,及其作為主要蛋白質(zhì)來源飼料原料添加到奶牛日糧中的飼喂效果存在很大差異,并且這一差異可能與飼料分子結(jié)構(gòu)中的化學功能團有關(guān)。本研究的主要目的是:(1)比較兩種雙低菜籽粕和豆粕的分子結(jié)構(gòu)、化學組成、代謝特性及其添加到反芻動物日糧中的飼喂效果,為合理搭配奶牛日糧提供科學依據(jù);(2)建立飼料在分子水平的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造與常規(guī)營養(yǎng)特性和生產(chǎn)性能的相關(guān)性,為飼料營養(yǎng)分析和評定提供新的研究方法和思路。試驗1:雙低菜籽粕和豆粕的常規(guī)營養(yǎng)特性比較本試驗利用傳統(tǒng)營養(yǎng)分析方法,測定國產(chǎn)雙低菜籽粕、加拿大雙低菜籽粕和豆粕的化學成分,利用CNCPS體系對蛋白質(zhì)和碳水化合物各組分進行剖分,同時采用NRC-2001對真消化率和能值進行估測。結(jié)果表明:Co PC的總碳水化合物含量最高,Co PS最低(P0.05);Co PR和Co PC的中性洗滌纖維(NDF)、酸性洗滌纖維(ADF)、酸性洗滌木質(zhì)素(ADL)、半纖維素和纖維素含量都顯著高于Co PS(P0.05);Co PS的粗蛋白(CP)含量平均為52.6%DM,顯著高于Co PR(44.1%DM)和Co PC(38.4%DM)(P0.01)。在CNCPS組分方面,Co PS的可溶性纖維CB2含量最高,Co PR最低(P0.05)。Co PR和Co PC的總不可降解CHO組分都顯著高于Co PS(P0.05)。Co PS的不可利用蛋白組分最低(P0.05)。Co PC和Co PS的總可消化非纖維性碳水化合物(td NFC)含量顯著高于CoPR(P0.05)。Co PS的總可消化粗蛋白質(zhì)(td CPc)含量顯著高于Co PR,Co PC的含量最低(P0.05)。與Co PS相比,Co PR和Co PC的總可消化NDF(td NDF)和總可消化養(yǎng)分(TDN1x)含量較高,差異顯著(P0.05)。在能值方面,Co PS的1倍維持消化能(DE1x)、維持凈能(NEm)、生長凈能(NEg)、3倍維持消化能(DE3x)、三倍維持代謝能(ME3x)和產(chǎn)奶凈能(NELP)含量顯著高于Co PR和Co PC(P0.05),Co PR和Co PC在可預測能值含量方面差異不顯著(P0.05)。試驗2:雙低菜籽粕和豆粕的消化代謝特性比較本試驗采用瘤胃尼龍袋法測定DM和CP瘤胃降解參數(shù),采用三步體外法測定瘤胃不可降解蛋白的小腸消化率。結(jié)果表明,與Co PS相比,Co PR和Co PC的過瘤胃干物質(zhì)含量較高(P0.05),并且瘤胃可降解干物質(zhì)含量較低(P0.05)。Co PR和Co PC的潛在可降解蛋白組分(D)顯著低于Co PS(P0.05),但是不可降解蛋白組分(U)顯著高于Co PS(P0.05)。Co PR的瘤胃不可降解蛋白比例顯著高于Co PC和Co PS(P0.05),但是瘤胃有效降解蛋白比例顯著高于Co PC和Co PS(P0.05)。Co PS和Co PC的過瘤胃蛋白比例較高,可以為小腸消化吸收提供更多的過瘤胃蛋白。Co PS的瘤胃不可降解蛋白的小腸消化率最高,Co PR最低(P0.05)。Co PS的小腸可消化蛋白含量顯著高于Co PR和Co PC(P0.05)。Co PS的總可消化蛋白含量最高(498 g/kg DM),CoPC含量最低(335 g/kg DM)(P0.05)。試驗3:利用NRC-2001模型和DVE/OEB模型評定雙低菜籽粕和豆粕的飼料價值本試驗分別利用nrc-2001模型和dve/oeb模型比較三種蛋白源飼料原料的飼料價值。結(jié)果表明:在nrc-2001模型中,cops的小腸真可吸收蛋白(amcpnrc)和小腸可吸收瘤胃不可降解蛋白(arup)含量顯著高于copr和copc(p0.05)。小腸中總代謝蛋白的含量對于泌乳量至關(guān)重要,cops的總代謝蛋白(mp)含量顯著高于copr和copc(p0.05),copr和copc之間差異不顯著(p0.05)。在dve/oeb模型中,cops的小腸真可吸收微生物蛋白(dvme)、小腸真可吸收非降解蛋白(dvbe)和小腸總真可吸收蛋白(dve)含量顯著高于copr和copc(p0.05),copr和copc之間差異不顯著(p0.05)。試驗4:不同蛋白來源日糧對奶牛生產(chǎn)性能、消化代謝及代謝蛋白合成的影響本試驗采用3×3拉丁方設(shè)計,選取健康荷斯坦奶牛6頭,2頭一組,分別飼喂以copr、copc、cops作為主要蛋白源的等能等氮日糧。試驗結(jié)果表明:與奶牛日糧中添加國產(chǎn)雙低菜籽粕(tmrcopr)和豆粕(tmrcops)作為主要蛋白來源相比,以加拿大雙低菜籽粕(tmrcopc)作為主要蛋白源可以顯著提高乳產(chǎn)量(36.63vs.34.77vs.32.09kg/d;p0.05)。在瘤胃發(fā)酵特性方面,飼喂tmrcops組日糧奶牛瘤胃液中總揮發(fā)酸濃度顯著高于tmrcopc組(p0.05),但是二組均與tmrcopr組之間差異不顯著(p0.05),此外,飼喂tmrcopr組日糧瘤胃液中丙酸比例顯著高于tmrcopc組和tmrcops組(p0.05)。飼喂tmrcopr和tmrcopc組奶牛干物質(zhì)和有機物的采食量顯著低于tmrcops組,但是ndf和adf的采食量顯著高于tmrcops組(p0.05)。cp、dm、om、ndf和adf的全腸道表觀消化率均是tmrcops組最高,tmrcopr組最低,tmrcopc組居中(p0.05)。飼喂tmrcops日糧組微生物蛋白的合成量、小腸可吸收微生物蛋白量以及代謝蛋白的合成量都顯著高于tmrcopr日糧和tmrcopc日糧組(p0.05),tmrcopr日糧和tmrcopc日糧組之間差異不顯著(p0.05)。試驗5:三種飼料原料及其作為主要蛋白源的日糧的光譜分子結(jié)構(gòu)特點比較利用atr-ft/ir技術(shù)測定三種飼料原料以及將三種飼料原料作為主要蛋白源的日糧的蛋白質(zhì)和碳水化合物光譜結(jié)構(gòu)。三種飼料原料光譜分析結(jié)果顯示:在蛋白質(zhì)相關(guān)光譜區(qū)段(ca.1720-1482cm-1),copr和copc的酰胺i帶和酰胺ii帶的總峰面積、酰胺i帶的峰面積和酰胺ii帶的峰面積值顯著低于cops(p0.05)。copc的蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)中α-螺旋和β-折疊的峰高比值最高,copr居中,cops最低(p0.05)。copr和copc在光譜區(qū)域ca.1482-1188cm-1的結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物相關(guān)峰的峰面積顯著低于cops(p0.05)。三組日糧光譜結(jié)構(gòu)分析結(jié)果表明,tmrcopr日糧和tmrcops日糧的h_α-helix和h_β-sheet都顯著高于tmrcopc日糧(p0.05)。但是,tmrcops日糧和tmrcopc日糧的α-螺旋和β-折疊的峰高比值卻顯著低于tmrcopr日糧(p0.05)。tmrcopr日糧分子結(jié)構(gòu)中的結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物與總碳水化合物的比值顯著高于tmrcopc日糧和tmrcops日糧(p0.05)。試驗6:飼料蛋白質(zhì)和碳水化合物光譜分子結(jié)構(gòu)與飼料營養(yǎng)組成、代謝特性和生產(chǎn)性能的相關(guān)性分析采用sas9.3軟件的proccorr模塊進行相關(guān)性分析和procreg模塊進行多元回歸分析。三種飼料原料的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示:三種飼料原料α-螺旋和β-折疊峰高比值與蛋白質(zhì)瘤胃不可降解組分u呈負相關(guān)(r=-0.68,p0.05),此外也與nrc-2001模型和dve/oeb模型中的微生物蛋白和代謝蛋白的含量有相關(guān)性(P0.05)�？偪上�化蛋白TDP(g/kg DM)與酰胺I帶和酰胺II帶的峰面積比以及蛋白質(zhì)二級結(jié)構(gòu)α-螺旋和β-折疊密切相關(guān),并可建立回歸方程。在碳水化合物分子結(jié)構(gòu)特性與干物質(zhì)瘤胃降解參數(shù)之間的相關(guān)性方面,結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物峰面積(A_STCHO)(r=0.93)、纖維復合物峰面積(A_CELC)(r=0.85)、結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物與總碳水化合物的峰面積比(A_STCHO/A_CHO)(r=0.73)和纖維復合物與總碳水化合物的峰面積比(A_CELC/A_CHO)(r=0.77)均與干物質(zhì)可降解組分D呈較強正相關(guān)(P0.05),并且與干物質(zhì)不可降解組分U呈負相關(guān)(P0.05)。三組日糧的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示:日糧蛋白質(zhì)光譜分子結(jié)構(gòu)中的酰胺I帶和酰胺II帶的峰高比與DM(r=0.83,P=0.006)、OM(r=0.79,P=0.011)、NDF(r=0.89,P=0.001)、ADF(r=0.91,P=0.001)的全消化道表觀消化率呈正相關(guān),并且與CP表觀消化率有正相關(guān)趨勢(r=0.64,P=0.063)。日糧蛋白質(zhì)二級結(jié)構(gòu)中的α-螺旋、β-折疊峰高與瘤胃不可降解蛋白小腸消化率呈正相關(guān)(P0.05)。此外,日糧碳水化合物特征光譜中的結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物和總碳水化合物相關(guān)區(qū)域峰面積的比與日糧干物質(zhì)瘤胃降解參數(shù)中的瘤胃培養(yǎng)不可降解部分(U)(r=0.68,P=0.044)、過瘤胃干物質(zhì)(BDM)(r=0.73,P=0.027)呈正相關(guān),與瘤胃培養(yǎng)可溶部分(S)(r=-0.71,P=0.034)、和瘤胃可降解干物質(zhì)(EDDM)(r=-0.73,P=0.027)呈負相關(guān)。綜上所述,本研究得出以下結(jié)論:(1)加拿大雙低菜籽粕和國產(chǎn)雙低菜籽粕在蛋白質(zhì)和碳水化合物營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)組成方面未有明顯差異。(2)豆粕和加拿大雙低菜籽粕可提供更多的小腸可吸收過瘤胃蛋白,并且豆粕可以為微生物生長提供較多的瘤胃可降解干物質(zhì)。此外,豆粕具有較高的代謝蛋白,但豆粕和國產(chǎn)雙低菜籽粕的降解蛋白平衡數(shù)值較大,造成了氮在瘤胃降解中的浪費。(3)豆粕營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)在奶牛體內(nèi)的消化率較高,可為微生物蛋白合成提供能量,從而提高乳蛋白含量。飼喂加拿大雙低菜籽粕組日糧奶牛具有較高的產(chǎn)奶量,二者是優(yōu)于國產(chǎn)雙低菜籽粕的奶牛蛋白質(zhì)飼料。(4)三種飼料原料具有各自獨特的碳水化合物和蛋白質(zhì)吸收光譜,飼料分子結(jié)構(gòu)的差異與其營養(yǎng)組成、在反芻動物體內(nèi)的消化代謝密切相關(guān)。(5)不同蛋白質(zhì)來源日糧的光譜分子構(gòu)成也存在很大差異,這一結(jié)構(gòu)差異也影響著日糧的消化率和奶牛的生產(chǎn)性能。
[Abstract]:The nutritional utilization ratio of Canadian double low rapeseed meal (Co PR), Canadian double low rapeseed meal (Co PC) and soybean meal (Co PS), and their feeding effects as the main source of protein source feed to dairy diet, may be related to the chemical functional groups in the feed substructure. The main purpose of this study is the main purpose of this study. (1) to compare the molecular structure, chemical composition, metabolic characteristics and feeding effects of two kinds of double low rapeseed meal and soybean meal, and the feeding effect added to Ruminant Diet to provide scientific basis for rational collocation of dairy cattle diet. (2) to establish the correlation between the internal structure of the feed at the molecular level and the conventional nutritional characteristics and production performance, for feed nutrition analysis. The conventional nutritional characteristics of 1: double low rapeseed meal and soybean meal were compared in this experiment. The chemical components of domestic double low rapeseed meal, Canadian double low rapeseed meal and soybean meal were determined by traditional nutritional analysis. The components of protein and carbohydrates were dissected by the CNCPS system. The true digestibility and energy value were estimated with NRC-2001. The results showed that the total carbohydrate content of Co PC was the highest, Co PS was the lowest (P0.05); the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid washing fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin, and cellulose and cellulose content were significantly higher than that of Co PR and Co PC. 52.6%DM, significantly higher than Co PR (44.1%DM) and Co PC (38.4%DM) (P0.01). In CNCPS component, Co PS soluble fibrous CB2 content is the highest. The content of carbohydrates (TD NFC) was significantly higher than that of CoPR (P0.05).Co PS. The content of total digestible protein (TD CPc) was significantly higher than Co PR, and the content of Co PC was the lowest. DE1x, net energy (NEm), growth net energy (NEg), 3 times the maintenance of digestive energy (DE3x), three times the metabolic energy (ME3x) and milk net energy (NELP) content were significantly higher than Co PR and Co PC (P0.05). The rumen degradation parameters of DM and CP were measured by the rumen nylon bag method, and the digestibility of the small intestine of the rumen non degradable protein was measured by three steps in vitro. The results showed that compared with Co PS, the content of the rumen dry matter of Co PR and Co PC was higher (P0.05), and the degrading dry matter content of the rumen was lower (P0.05).Co PR and the potential degradable protein component of Co PC ( D) was significantly lower than that of Co PS (P0.05), but the ratio of non degradable protein component (U) was significantly higher than that of Co PS (P0.05).Co PR. The intestinal digestibility of the rumen non degradable protein for more rumen protein.Co PS was the highest, and the lowest Co PR (P0.05).Co PS was significantly higher than Co PR and Co PC (P0.05) was the highest (498) and the lowest (335). The model evaluation of the feed value of double low rapeseed meal and soybean meal was made by using the nrc-2001 model and dve/oeb model to compare the feed value of three kinds of protein source feed materials. The results showed that in the nrc-2001 model, the content of cops's small intestine absorbable protein (amcpnrc) and the intestinal absorbable tumor gastric non degradable protein (Arup) content was significantly higher than that of COPR and C. OPC (P0.05). The content of total metabolic protein in the small intestine is very important for milk secretion. The total metabolic protein (MP) content of cops is significantly higher than that of COPR and COPC (P0.05). The difference between COPR and COPC is not significant (P0.05). In dve/oeb model, the small intestine of the small intestine can absorb microorganism white, and the small intestine can really absorb non degradable protein and the intestine is really possible. The content of ABSORPTIN (DVE) was significantly higher than that of COPR and COPC (P0.05), and there was no significant difference between COPR and COPC (P0.05). The effects of dietary dietary protein on dairy cow production performance, digestion and metabolism and metabolic protein synthesis were designed with 3 x 3 Latin squares, 6 healthy Holstein cows and 2 heads, respectively, fed COPR, COPC, cops, respectively. As the main protein source of equal energy nitrogen diet, the experimental results showed that the high milk yield (36.63vs.34.77vs.32.09kg/d; P0.05) could be significantly raised with Canadian double low rapeseed meal (tmrcopr) and soybean meal (tmrcops) as the main protein source in the diet of dairy cows. The rumen fermentation was significantly elevated in the rumen fermentation. The total volatile acid concentration in the diet of tmrcops diet cows was significantly higher than that in tmrcopc group (P0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups and the tmrcopr group (P0.05). In addition, the proportion of propionic acid in the diet of tmrcopr group was significantly higher than that in the tmrcopc group and the tmrcops group (P0.05). The dry matter of the tmrcopr and tmrcopc group was fed and the milk was fed in the tmrcopr group. The intake of organic matter was significantly lower than that of the tmrcops group, but the intake of NDF and ADF was significantly higher than that of the tmrcops group (P0.05).Cp. The total intestinal apparent digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and ADF were the highest in the tmrcops group, and the lowest in the tmrcopr group. The synthetic amount of metabolic protein was significantly higher than that of tmrcopr diet and tmrcopc diet group (P0.05), and there was no significant difference between tmrcopr diet and tmrcopc diet group (P0.05). The spectral molecular structure characteristics of three feed raw materials and the diet as the main protein source were tested by comparing the determination of three feed raw materials by atr-ft/ir technology and three kinds of feed by atr-ft/ir technology. The spectral analysis of the protein and carbohydrates of the diet material as the main protein source. The results of spectral analysis of three kinds of feed materials showed that the total peak area of the amide I band and amides II band of COPR and COPC, the peak area of the amido I band and the peak area of the amido II band were significantly lower than cops (p0.). 05) the peak ratio of alpha helix and beta fold in the protein structure of.Copc is the highest, COPR is middle, and the lowest Cops (P0.05).Copr and COPC in the spectral region ca.1482-1188cm-1 is significantly lower than cops (P0.05). The three diet spectrum structure analysis shows that tmrcopr diet and tmrcops diet are h_ alpha Both X and h_ beta -sheet were significantly higher than those of tmrcopc diet (P0.05). However, the ratio of alpha helix and beta fold of tmrcops diet and tmrcopc diet was significantly lower than that of tmrcopr diet (P0.05).Tmrcopr diet. The ratio of structural carbohydrates to total carbohydrates in the molecular structure of tmrcopr diet was significantly higher than that of tmrcopc diet and tmrcops diets. The correlation analysis between the molecular structure of 6: feed protein and carbohydrate and the nutritional composition of feed, the metabolic characteristics and the production performance was analyzed by the correlation analysis of the proccorr module of sas9.3 software and the multiple regression analysis of the procreg module. The correlation analysis results of the three feedstuff materials showed that three kinds of feed raw materials were alpha helix and The ratio of beta fold peak height was negatively correlated with protein rumen non degradable component U (r=-0.68, P0.05), and also correlated with the content of microbial protein and metabolic protein in nrc-2001 model and dve/oeb model (P0.05). The peak area ratio of total digestible protein TDP (g/kg DM) and amide I band and amide II band and protein two stage structure alpha snail There is a close correlation between rotation and beta folding, and a regression equation can be established. Structural carbohydrate peak area (A_STCHO) (r=0.93), fiber complex peak area (A_CELC) (r=0.85), peak area ratio of structural carbohydrates to total carbohydrates (A_) in the relationship between structural characteristics of carbohydrates and the parameters of dry matter rumen degradation (A_) STCHO/A_CHO) (r=0.73) and fiber complex and total carbohydrate peak area ratio (A_CELC/A_CHO) (r=0.77) have strong positive correlation with dry matter biodegradable component D (P0.05), and negative correlation with dry matter non degradable component U (P0.05). The correlation analysis of three groups of diets showed that the molecular structure of dietary protein was amidous I. The peak alimentary ratio of the band and amides II band is positively correlated with the apparent digestibility of the whole digestive tract of DM (r=0.83, P=0.006), OM (r=0.79, P=0.011), NDF (r=0.89, P=0.001), ADF (r=0.91). The alpha helix, beta fold peak and rumen non degradable protein in the two grade protein structure of the diet protein The intestinal digestibility was positively correlated (P0.05). In addition, the ratio of structural carbohydrates and total carbohydrates in the carbohydrate characteristic spectrum of the diet was positively correlated with the rumen culture non degradable part (r=0.68, P= 0.044) and BDM (r=0.73, P=0.027) in rumen culture of the diet dry matter degradation parameters. S (r=-0.71, P=0.034) and rumen degradable dry matter (EDDM) (r=-0.73, P=0.027) were negatively correlated with rumen culture. To sum up, the following conclusions were drawn as follows: (1) there was no significant difference in the composition of protein and carbon and water compounds in Canadian double low rapeseed meal and domestic double low rapeseed meal. (2) soybean meal and Canada Double low rapeseed meal can provide more small intestine to absorb rumen protein, and soybean meal can provide more ruminal degrading dry matter for microbial growth. In addition, soybean meal has a high metabolic protein, but the degradation protein balance of soybean meal and domestic double low rapeseed meal is larger, resulting in the waste of nitrogen in the rumen degradation. (3) soybean meal. Nutrients have high digestibility in the cow's body, which can provide energy for microbial protein synthesis and increase milk protein content. Feeding Canadian double low rapeseed meal diet cows have higher milk yield. The two is a cow protein feed that is superior to domestic double low rapeseed meal. (4) three kinds of feed materials have their own unique carbon hydration. The absorption spectrum of material and protein, the difference of the molecular structure of feed and its nutritional composition are closely related to the digestion and metabolism of the ruminants. (5) the spectral molecular composition of the diet of different protein sources also varies greatly, and this structural difference also affects the digestibility of the diet and the production performance of the dairy cows.

【學位授予單位】：東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S823.5
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本文編號：1794341