發(fā)布時間：2018-04-08 16:00

  本文選題：植被過濾帶　切入點：濾清池　出處：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：水土流失與水資源短缺并存是黃土高原地區(qū)制約經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的主要矛盾之一。由于黃土高原地區(qū)干旱少雨,雨季土壤養(yǎng)分流失嚴(yán)重,加之劣質(zhì)水分布較廣,發(fā)展節(jié)水高效農(nóng)業(yè)缺乏適宜的灌溉用水。同時,部分農(nóng)村地區(qū)飲水安全問題突出,利用雨水就是黃土高原許多地區(qū)發(fā)展節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)和解決飲用水安全的重要途徑。不同蓄水設(shè)施對水質(zhì)的影響不同,進(jìn)而可能對居民的身體健康有不同程度的影響。本研究針對黃土高原水土流失、灌溉用水及飲用水短缺等問題,基于調(diào)控降雨徑流、高效利用水土資源的理念,通過室內(nèi)及野外試驗,進(jìn)一步研究了雨水濾清系統(tǒng)的不同組成設(shè)施對水質(zhì)的凈化作用。室內(nèi)試驗研究了能源型牧草柳枝稷在不同坡度和不同降雨條件下對地表徑流及養(yǎng)分的攔截作用;野外試驗研究了礫石濾清渠道、礫石濾清池及蓄水設(shè)施對水質(zhì)的影響。取得的主要結(jié)論如下:(1)坡度對柳枝稷過濾帶地表徑流及養(yǎng)分的攔截效率影響:基于設(shè)計的5°,10°和15°坡度條件下的降雨試驗(每場降雨的雨強(qiáng)均為0.8 mm/min、降雨量均為72 mm),研究結(jié)果表明,隨著坡度的增大,寬度為1 m的柳枝稷過濾帶對地表徑流和非吸附性養(yǎng)分NO3-N的攔截效率降低,對吸附性養(yǎng)分NH3-N和TP攔截效率的變化規(guī)律與NO3-N不同。在5°,10°和15°條件下,柳枝稷過濾帶對徑流的攔截率分別為33.0%,28.7%和25.2%;對徑流中硝態(tài)氮的攔截率分別為42.6%,36.1%和29.1%;對徑流中銨態(tài)氮的攔截率分別為42.5%,44.0%和51%;對徑流中總磷的攔截率分別為43.3%,61.5%和44.2%。(2)柳枝稷過濾帶在間歇性降雨條件下對地表徑流及養(yǎng)分的攔截效率呈現(xiàn)一定規(guī)律。在雨強(qiáng)依次為0.8 mm/min,1.2 mm/min和1.8 mm/min的間歇性降雨事件中(每場降雨的坡度均設(shè)為15°、降雨量均為72 mm,降雨間隔時間為24 h),寬度為1 m的柳枝稷過濾帶對地表徑流、徑流中無機(jī)氮(硝態(tài)氮和銨態(tài)氮之和)及徑流中總磷的攔截效率隨降雨場次的增加而降低。柳枝稷過濾帶對徑流的攔截率分別為25.2%,15.7%和12.0%;對徑流中硝態(tài)氮的攔截效率分別為29.1%,25.0%和15.3%;對徑流中銨態(tài)氮的攔截效率分別為51.0%,55.9%和32.4%;對徑流中總磷的攔截效率分別為44.2%,36.0%和27.8%。(3)柳枝稷過濾帶能夠有效增加降水入滲和養(yǎng)分入滲,從而將養(yǎng)分?jǐn)r蓄在土壤中,降低地表流失量。在5°,10°和15°條件下,柳枝稷過濾帶降水平均入滲速率是對應(yīng)裸坡平均入滲速率的1.3,1.5和1.7倍。柳枝稷過濾帶土壤水中的養(yǎng)分含量高于裸坡:硝態(tài)氮含量是裸坡的1.6~2.4倍,銨態(tài)氮含量是裸坡的2.2~3.8倍,總磷含量是裸坡的3.3倍左右。在雨強(qiáng)增大的間歇性降雨條件下,柳枝稷過濾帶在前期和中期降雨中能夠通過入滲有效地攔蓄氮磷營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),而到后期降雨中,柳枝稷過濾帶通過入滲攔蓄養(yǎng)分的效率降低。同時,柳枝稷過濾帶土壤水中養(yǎng)分的累積過程呈現(xiàn)一定的規(guī)律。中期降雨事件中硝態(tài)氮和總磷累積量的變化過程同時包含前期降雨和后期降雨的特征,是一個過渡期:均在降雨50 min出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折點,降雨50min之前的增長趨勢和增長速率同前期降雨類似,而降雨50 min之后的增長趨勢和增長速率則同后期降雨類似,入滲水量是這種特征的決定性因素。(4)礫石濾清渠道及濾清池對水質(zhì)有明顯的凈化作用;不同材質(zhì)的蓄水設(shè)施對水質(zhì)的影響不同。礫石濾清渠道及濾清池能夠有效降低水中的濁度、COD、氮及硫酸鹽水平,同時能夠消減水中理化指標(biāo)的峰值,并使其快速達(dá)到穩(wěn)定。礫石渠道在沿程19 m處對濁度、COD和NO2-N的凈化程度達(dá)到最大,之后逐漸穩(wěn)定;TN和SO42-濃度在10 m~19 m之間基本保持穩(wěn)定,在19 m~28 m之間有所下降。建議在砂石料豐富的地區(qū)采用簡易的礫石濾清渠道和濾清池,從而為高效農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉及居民生活提供清潔用水,成本較低且簡便易行。不同材質(zhì)的蓄水設(shè)施對水質(zhì)的影響作用不同:在相同的集雨面條件下,混合窖(水泥砂漿抹面,窖底鋪膠泥)的水質(zhì)總體優(yōu)于水泥窖;以公路面為集雨面的膠泥窖水質(zhì)較差。建議不要使用公路集雨面收集的雨水作飲用水;在有條件的情況下盡量不要采用純水泥窖,可在水泥窖底部鋪一層膠泥,以便更有效地吸附、沉淀雜質(zhì),從而提高水質(zhì)凈化效率。綜合考慮水質(zhì)狀況、水窖的建造成本以及環(huán)境友好性,干硬性固化土水窖是一種凈化水質(zhì)效果較好的水窖形式。
[Abstract]:Soil erosion and water resource shortage is one of the main contradiction of restricting economic and social development of the Loess Plateau. Because of the drought in the Loess Plateau and little rain, the rainy season soil nutrient loss, coupled with poor quality water is widely distributed, the development of water-saving agriculture lacks the suitable irrigation water. At the same time, the safety of drinking water in rural areas, some problems, an important way the development of water-saving agriculture in many areas of the Loess Plateau is the use of rainwater and solve the safety of drinking water. The influence of different storage facilities for water quality is different, which may have different effects on the health of the residents. The study on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, the problem of irrigation water and drinking water shortage, rainfall runoff regulation based on efficient utilization of water and soil the idea of resources, through indoor and field experiments, further studies on water purification of different facilities rainwater filtration system The role of laboratory experiments. The interception effect of energy forage switchgrass on runoff and nutrient in different slope and different rainfall conditions; field experiment was conducted to study the effects of gravel gravel filter channels, filtration pool and water storage facilities for water quality. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the slope effect on switchgrass filter surface runoff and nutrient interception efficiency: Design Based on 5 degrees, 10 degrees and 15 degrees rainfall slope conditions (each rainfall rainfall intensity was 0.8 mm/min, the rainfall was 72 mm), the results show that with the increase of slope, width of switchgrass filtration of 1 m with the interception efficiency of NO3-N the surface runoff and non nutrient adsorption decreased, adsorption of NH3-N and different nutrient variation of TP and NO3-N. The interception efficiency at 5 degrees, 10 degrees and 15 degrees under the conditions of switchgrass filter strips on runoff interception rates were 33%, 28.7% and 25.2%; the Nitrate nitrogen in runoff interception rate were 42.6%, 36.1% and 29.1%; the ammonium nitrogen in runoff interception rate were 42.5%, 44% and 51%; the total phosphorus in runoff interception rate were 43.3%, 61.5% and 44.2%. (2) with intermittent filtration of switchgrass under the condition of rainfall interception efficiency of runoff and the nutrients show a certain regularity. The rainfall intensity was 0.8 mm/min, 1.2 mm/min and 1.8 intermittent rainfall events in mm/min (each rainfall gradient was set at 15 degrees, the rainfall was 72 mm, the time interval of rainfall is 24 h), the width is 1 m with switchgrass filtration of surface runoff, inorganic in the runoff of nitrogen (nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus) and interception efficiency in runoff decreased with increasing rainfall. Switchgrass filter strips on runoff interception rates were 25.2%, 15.7% and 12%; the interception efficiency of nitrate nitrogen in runoff were 29.1%, 25% and 15.3%; the size Flow interception efficiency of ammonium nitrogen were 51%, 55.9% and 32.4%; the interception efficiency of total phosphorus in runoff were 44.2%, 36% and 27.8%. (3) switchgrass filter strips can effectively increase the precipitation infiltration and infiltration of nutrients, which will retain the nutrients in the soil, reduce the surface loss at 5 degrees., 10 degrees and 15 degrees under the conditions of switchgrass filtration with precipitation average infiltration rate is corresponding to bare slope average infiltration rate of 1.3,1.5 and 1.7 times. Switchgrass filter belt soil water nutrient content is higher than that of the bare slope, the content of nitrate nitrogen is 1.6~2.4 times higher than the bare slope, the content of ammonium nitrogen is 2.2~3.8 times of bare the slope, the total phosphorus content is about 3.3 times of bare slope. In the intermittent rainfall rain intensity increased, switchgrass infiltration through filtering belt can effectively retain the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the early and mid and late rain, rain, switchgrass filtered by infiltration stopped keeper sub. The rate of decrease. At the same time, the accumulation process of switchgrass with soil nutrient water filtration showed a certain pattern. The characteristics of medium term accumulation of nitrate and total phosphorus in the amount of rainfall events change process also includes the early rainfall and late rainfall, is a transitional period: 50 min rainfall appeared at the turning point, before the rainfall 50min the growth trend and growth rate with similar rainfall and antecedent rainfall, after 50 min growth trend and growth rate with late rainfall is similar to that of infiltration of water is the decisive factor for this feature. (4) gravel filtration and filtration channels pool is obviously purify the water quality; influence of water storage facilities of different materials on the different water quality filtration and filtration pool. Gravel channels can effectively reduce the water turbidity, COD, nitrogen and sulfate levels, and can reduce peak water physicochemical index, and make it fast to achieve stability. Along the gravel channel 19 m of turbidity, COD and NO2-N purification degree reached the maximum, then gradually stabilized; TN and SO42- concentrations between 10 m~19 m remained stable, declined between 19 m~28 m. By simple filtration and filtration pool in the gravel channel sand rich area, and to provide clean water from efficient irrigation and living, low cost and convenient storage facilities. The different material effect on water quality of Different Rainfall Collecting: in the same conditions, the mixed pit (cement mortar, cement pit bottom shop) the overall water quality is better than that of cement kiln; with the road surface for collecting rain water of the clay pit poor. Not recommended for drinking water in road surface to collect rain rain; in the case of conditions as far as possible not to use the pure water mud pit, can lay a layer of clay in cement pit bottom for more effective adsorption, precipitation of impurities, so as to improve the The water purification efficiency. Considering the water quality, water cellar construction cost and environmental friendliness, dry curing soil water cellar is a kind of water purification effect good cellar form.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X52;S277.7

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