明清時期山東地區(qū)基層士人研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-21 18:53
【摘要】：明清時期科舉制度繁榮發(fā)展,各階層民眾高漲的科舉熱情與有限的科舉名額、官吏需求之間形成巨大差距,導致山東地區(qū)形成大批壅滯基層的士人群體。這一群體來自不同的階層、家庭,接受程度不一的儒家文化熏陶,具有明顯的層次性和多樣性。由于受到山東地區(qū)濃厚傳統(tǒng)觀念及科舉單一價值判定的束縛,他們難以謀求科考之外的生存途徑和價值實現(xiàn)方式。濃厚的科舉情結、與科舉相關的案牘生涯和大量考試等過多地耗費了他們的時間與精力、影響了其生存能力的培養(yǎng),使許多基層士人陷入經(jīng)濟拮據(jù)、窮困潦倒的境地。有限的生存空間、沉重的生存壓力以及對本群體尷尬處境的自省促使他們積極提升、拓展“謀道”與“謀食”的能力和方式,展現(xiàn)出多樣化的生存狀態(tài),這一群體本身所具有的多樣性也因此得到進一步的發(fā)展。通過多方面的努力,他們在一定程度上緩解了科考失利的挫敗感、志不得抒的苦悶和迷茫,改善了本群體的生存境遇,但未能從根本上抗衡科舉制度的單一價值判定、獲得充足的價值肯定、改變基層士人尷尬的處境。 基層士人群體在積極拓展生存空間、改善生存境遇的過程中,充分利用家庭、宗族、地方社會等大小不一的價值實現(xiàn)平臺,強化他們的士人職能與操守。作為儒家文化在基層社會的踐行者和傳播者,他們的言談舉止,各種教育、教化活動,以及對儒家文化內(nèi)容、載體、傳播媒介世俗化進程的推進,為儒家文化的發(fā)展、變遷及其在基層社會的傳播做出不可磨滅的貢獻。他們熟悉下層民眾的生活理念、實際需求,利用身份優(yōu)勢從現(xiàn)實生活及底層文化中汲取靈感與素材,創(chuàng)作出大量具有本群體特點的作品,為雅、俗文化的發(fā)展與交流貢獻良多。 明清時期基層社會的管理模式為基層士人群體提供了一方廣有作為的平臺�；鶎邮咳俗鳛槭咳巳后w的重要組成部分,具有強烈的使命感和責任感,為改善生存境遇、實現(xiàn)自我價值,他們通過供職官府或各種個人行為積極作用于鄉(xiāng)里社會。雖然基層士人在鄉(xiāng)里社會的社會活動并未形成一定組織,影響力也往往局限于較小的地域范圍內(nèi),但他們具有明顯的數(shù)量優(yōu)勢和身份優(yōu)勢。他們熟悉下層民眾的生存模式,對地方社會有更加深入、全面的了解,見證了各種政策、法令在具體實施過程中的實際效用,成為地方政府運行過程中諸多具體事務的實際執(zhí)行者,在很多方面填補了中、上層士紳的一些不足、缺失之處,對地方士紳在基層社會各種功能的發(fā)揮起到明顯的輔助、補益作用。他們在山東地方社會發(fā)揮著各種具體而微、不可替代的實際作用,并在此過程中逐漸形成一定的群體意識、表現(xiàn)出諸多群體特點。 與農(nóng)、工、商群體相比,基層士人所占山東總人口的比例較小,地方社會及下層民眾對這一群體有著各種顯而易見的實際需求,這充分說明其生存空間的狹小并非源于數(shù)量膨脹、人員過剩。他們擁有充足的、可資作為的社會空間,但明清社會強大的單一價值判定、山東地區(qū)較為濃厚的傳統(tǒng)觀念等,使之難以于科考之外充分實現(xiàn)自我價值、構建群體自信心、獲得較高的生存能力和社會活動力、充分發(fā)揮其身為士人的職責和使命。
[Abstract]:In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination system flourish and developed, the enthusiasm of the imperial examination and the limited number of imperial examinations and the needs of officials formed a huge gap, which led to the formation of a large group of grass-roots taxis in Shandong area. This group came from different classes, families and different Confucian cultures, which had a distinct hierarchy. Because of the constraints of the strong traditional concept of Shandong and the single value of the imperial examination, it is difficult for them to seek the way of survival and the way of realization of value. The strong imperial examination complex, the document career related to the imperial examination, and a large number of exams have consumed his time and energy too much, affecting their survival ability. The cultivation has made many grass-roots people into the situation of economic constraints and poverty. The limited living space, heavy living pressure and the self-examination of the embarrassing situation of this group have promoted them to promote actively, expand the ability and mode of "seek ways" and "seek food", and show the diversity of the state of existence, and the diversity of the group itself is diverse. Through many efforts, they have relieved the frustration of the failure of the science examination to a certain extent, were not willing to express their distress and confusion, improved the survival situation of the group, but failed to fundamentally counterbalance the single value judgment of the imperial examination system, obtain sufficient value and change the embarrassment of the grass-roots people. The situation.
In the process of actively expanding the living space and improving the survival situation, the grass-roots people groups make full use of the different values of family, clan and local society, and strengthen the functions and integrity of their people. As the practitioners and disseminators of the Confucian culture in the grass-roots society, their speech and behavior, various education, and teaching activities, As well as the advancement of the cultural content, carrier, and the secularization of the media, it makes an indelible contribution to the development of the Confucian culture, the change and the spread of the grass-roots society. They are familiar with the life ideas of the lower people, the actual needs, and the use of identity advantages to draw inspiration and material from the real life and the bottom culture, and create a large number of them. The works with the characteristics of this group contribute a lot to the development and communication of the popular culture.
The management mode of grass-roots society in the Ming and Qing Dynasties provided a wide platform for the grass-roots group of people. As an important part of the group of scholars, grass-roots scholars have a strong sense of mission and responsibility to improve their living conditions and realize their self value. They actively play a role in the local society through the government or various individual behavior. Although the social activities of the grass-roots people have not formed a certain organization in the local social social activities, their influence is often limited to a small area, but they have obvious quantitative and identity advantages. They are familiar with the subsistence mode of the lower people, have a deeper and comprehensive understanding of the local society, and have witnessed various policies and decrees. The actual utility in the process of the implementation of the body has become the actual executor of many specific affairs during the operation of the local government. In many respects, some deficiencies and deficiencies of the upper class gentry are found, which play an obvious auxiliary and complement to the local gentry's various functions in the grass-roots society. They play various roles in the local society of Shandong. A small and irreplaceable role, and gradually formed a certain group consciousness in this process, showing many group characteristics.
Compared with the farmers, workers and business groups, the percentage of the total population of Shandong is small, and the local society and the lower people have all kinds of obvious practical needs for this group. This fully illustrates that the narrow living space is not due to the expansion of quantity and the excess of personnel. They have sufficient and available social space, but the Ming and Qing Dynasties The strong single value judgment, the strong traditional concept in Shandong area, makes it difficult to fully realize self value outside the science examination, build the confidence of the group, obtain higher survival ability and social activity, and give full play to the duty and mission of the scholar.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K248
[Abstract]:In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination system flourish and developed, the enthusiasm of the imperial examination and the limited number of imperial examinations and the needs of officials formed a huge gap, which led to the formation of a large group of grass-roots taxis in Shandong area. This group came from different classes, families and different Confucian cultures, which had a distinct hierarchy. Because of the constraints of the strong traditional concept of Shandong and the single value of the imperial examination, it is difficult for them to seek the way of survival and the way of realization of value. The strong imperial examination complex, the document career related to the imperial examination, and a large number of exams have consumed his time and energy too much, affecting their survival ability. The cultivation has made many grass-roots people into the situation of economic constraints and poverty. The limited living space, heavy living pressure and the self-examination of the embarrassing situation of this group have promoted them to promote actively, expand the ability and mode of "seek ways" and "seek food", and show the diversity of the state of existence, and the diversity of the group itself is diverse. Through many efforts, they have relieved the frustration of the failure of the science examination to a certain extent, were not willing to express their distress and confusion, improved the survival situation of the group, but failed to fundamentally counterbalance the single value judgment of the imperial examination system, obtain sufficient value and change the embarrassment of the grass-roots people. The situation.
In the process of actively expanding the living space and improving the survival situation, the grass-roots people groups make full use of the different values of family, clan and local society, and strengthen the functions and integrity of their people. As the practitioners and disseminators of the Confucian culture in the grass-roots society, their speech and behavior, various education, and teaching activities, As well as the advancement of the cultural content, carrier, and the secularization of the media, it makes an indelible contribution to the development of the Confucian culture, the change and the spread of the grass-roots society. They are familiar with the life ideas of the lower people, the actual needs, and the use of identity advantages to draw inspiration and material from the real life and the bottom culture, and create a large number of them. The works with the characteristics of this group contribute a lot to the development and communication of the popular culture.
The management mode of grass-roots society in the Ming and Qing Dynasties provided a wide platform for the grass-roots group of people. As an important part of the group of scholars, grass-roots scholars have a strong sense of mission and responsibility to improve their living conditions and realize their self value. They actively play a role in the local society through the government or various individual behavior. Although the social activities of the grass-roots people have not formed a certain organization in the local social social activities, their influence is often limited to a small area, but they have obvious quantitative and identity advantages. They are familiar with the subsistence mode of the lower people, have a deeper and comprehensive understanding of the local society, and have witnessed various policies and decrees. The actual utility in the process of the implementation of the body has become the actual executor of many specific affairs during the operation of the local government. In many respects, some deficiencies and deficiencies of the upper class gentry are found, which play an obvious auxiliary and complement to the local gentry's various functions in the grass-roots society. They play various roles in the local society of Shandong. A small and irreplaceable role, and gradually formed a certain group consciousness in this process, showing many group characteristics.
Compared with the farmers, workers and business groups, the percentage of the total population of Shandong is small, and the local society and the lower people have all kinds of obvious practical needs for this group. This fully illustrates that the narrow living space is not due to the expansion of quantity and the excess of personnel. They have sufficient and available social space, but the Ming and Qing Dynasties The strong single value judgment, the strong traditional concept in Shandong area, makes it difficult to fully realize self value outside the science examination, build the confidence of the group, obtain higher survival ability and social activity, and give full play to the duty and mission of the scholar.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K248
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