發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-12 04:05

  本文選題：明清 + 汾河流域　； 參考：《山西大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：汾河是山西省境內(nèi)最大的河流,屬于黃河的一級(jí)支流。汾河流域的生態(tài)環(huán)境一直以來(lái)都比較脆弱,自秦漢以來(lái),隨著社會(huì)人口的不斷增加,土地開(kāi)墾率不斷提升,同時(shí),受到氣候、環(huán)境、政策、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等諸多方面的影響,植被遭受到了嚴(yán)重的破壞,植被覆蓋率不斷減少。尤其是從明代初期修筑長(zhǎng)城和堡寨開(kāi)始,加之汾河流域的很多地區(qū)實(shí)行大規(guī)模的軍屯、商屯,汾河流域的植被更是遭受了嚴(yán)重的破壞,水土流失更加嚴(yán)重,流域的生態(tài)環(huán)境不斷惡化。至清代,由于各種原因,植被的破壞地更加劇烈,更加嚴(yán)重得破壞了當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)平衡,一系列問(wèn)題接踵而至。 具體來(lái)說(shuō),汾河上游地區(qū),明前期時(shí),森林覆蓋率大體還占百分之四十左右,林相尚好。自明中葉起遭到劇烈破壞,明中葉后,外圍森林已基本覆滅。明后期時(shí),腹地高山上的森林已被砍伐殆盡。明末時(shí),僅深遠(yuǎn)高峻的山上,有些幼雜殘林,林相殘破,基本無(wú)巨木良材。就是這些分散殘雜的次生林,加起來(lái)覆蓋率也占不到總面積的百分之二十,約在百分之十五以上。到清代,汾河流域的焚林焚草、開(kāi)荒現(xiàn)象變得更加普遍,植被更加嚴(yán)重破壞,很多山頭已經(jīng)是巖石裸露,使得森林難以恢復(fù)和更新,而使其向高山和陡坡進(jìn)行退縮。 汾河中游地區(qū),除少數(shù)的山區(qū)由于地勢(shì)險(xiǎn)要林木保存較好之外,大多數(shù)地區(qū)的森林植被等已經(jīng)遭到了嚴(yán)重破壞,由于森林遭到毀壞,灌草也受到摧殘,使得總生物數(shù)量大大減少,自然災(zāi)害發(fā)生得更加頻繁。 汾河下游地區(qū),由于地勢(shì)較為平坦,且山脈普遍較低,所以,植被大多在明初就被破壞的非常嚴(yán)重,到清代時(shí),山區(qū)的森林植被幾乎以都是“群山童童,濯濯彌望”,僅余一些殘林和風(fēng)景林而已。 全文除后記外,共分五個(gè)部分： 第一部分為緒論,簡(jiǎn)要介紹了研究目的和意義研究方法、創(chuàng)新之處以及國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)汾河流域植被研究的學(xué)術(shù)動(dòng)態(tài)等內(nèi)容； 第二部分為：明清時(shí)期汾河流域概況,主要對(duì)明清時(shí)期汾河流域的自然條件特征和明清時(shí)期汾河流域的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)特征進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的介紹； 第三部分為：明清時(shí)期汾河流域的植被變遷情況,將汾河流域劃分成上游、中游、下游三個(gè)區(qū)域,分別進(jìn)行論述,依據(jù)相關(guān)史料的記載,最大程度上還原明清時(shí)期汾河流域的植被變遷情況。分析了明清時(shí)期汾河流域林木種類的分布及變遷情況。 第四部分為：明清時(shí)期汾河流域的植被變遷帶來(lái)的后果影響及原因分析,分別從水土流失,洪澇災(zāi)害增多,氣候變干,旱災(zāi)增多以及野生動(dòng)物資源銳減幾方面進(jìn)行闡述。通過(guò)對(duì)第二部分變遷情況的分析探究,從自然原因、社會(huì)原因、政治原因三方面得出植被變遷的原因。 第五部分為：結(jié)論和啟示。
[Abstract]:Fenhe River is the largest river in Shanxi Province, belonging to the first-class tributaries of the Yellow River. The ecological environment of the Fenhe River basin has always been relatively fragile. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, with the continuous increase of social population, the rate of land reclamation has been increasing, and at the same time, it has been affected by climate, environment, policy, war and so on. Vegetation has suffered serious damage, vegetation coverage has been reduced. Especially since the construction of the Great Wall and Fort Zhai in the early Ming Dynasty, in addition to the implementation of large-scale military and commercial villages in many areas of the Fenhe River Basin, the vegetation of the Fenhe River Basin has been seriously damaged, and the soil erosion is even more serious. The ecological environment of the river basin is deteriorating. In Qing Dynasty, because of various reasons, the destruction of vegetation was more severe, more serious to destroy the local ecological balance, a series of problems followed. Specifically, the upper reaches of Fenhe, early Ming, forest coverage is about 40%, forest is still good. Since the middle of Ming Dynasty suffered severe damage, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the peripheral forest has been basically destroyed. By the late Ming Dynasty, the forests of the hinterland mountains had been cut down. At the end of Ming Dynasty, only deep and steep mountains, some young mixed forest, the forest is dilapidated, there is basically no giant wood good wood. Even these scattered secondary forests account for less than 20% of the total area, about 15% or more. By the Qing Dynasty, forest burning and grass burning in Fenhe River Basin, the phenomenon of wasteland opening became more common, vegetation was more seriously damaged, and many mountain tops had been exposed to rocks, which made it difficult for the forest to recover and renew, so that it retreated to the high mountains and steep slopes. In the middle reaches of the Fenhe River, with the exception of a few mountainous areas where forest vegetation has been seriously damaged because of the dangerous terrain of trees, the forest vegetation has been severely damaged, and the shrub grass has also been destroyed as a result of the destruction of forests. As a result, the total number of organisms has been greatly reduced and natural disasters have occurred more frequently. In the lower reaches of the Fenhe River, because the terrain is relatively flat and the mountains are generally low, most of the vegetation was destroyed very seriously in the early Ming Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, the forest vegetation in the mountainous areas was almost all "mountain children, Maundy Maunwan." There are only a few residual forests and landscape forests. In addition to the postscript, the full text is divided into five parts: The first part is the introduction, briefly introduces the purpose and significance of the research methods, innovations and the domestic and foreign research on the vegetation of the Fenhe River Basin, and so on. The second part is divided into: the Ming and Qing dynasties Fenhe River Basin general situation, mainly in the Ming and Qing dynasties Fenhe River Basin natural conditions and the Ming and Qing dynasties of the social and economic characteristics of the Fenhe River Basin for a simple introduction; The third part is divided into three regions, namely, the upper reaches, the middle reaches and the lower reaches, according to the relevant historical records. The maximum reduction of the Ming and Qing dynasties Fenhe River Basin vegetation changes. The distribution and vicissitude of forest species in Fenhe River Basin in Ming and Qing dynasties were analyzed. The fourth part is divided into four parts: the consequences and causes of vegetation change in Fenhe River Basin in Ming and Qing dynasties, respectively from the aspects of soil and water loss, increase of flood disaster, dry climate, increase of drought and sharp decrease of wildlife resources. Through the analysis of the second part of the vicissitude, from the natural reasons, social reasons, political reasons, the reasons of vegetation change are obtained. The fifth part is the conclusion and enlightenment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：Q948;K248

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