發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-05 23:16

  本文選題：利益集團(tuán)　切入點(diǎn)：自由貿(mào)易　出處：《外交學(xué)院》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：外交是內(nèi)政的延續(xù),內(nèi)政是外交的基礎(chǔ)。國家對外政策往往都是其國內(nèi)政治的產(chǎn)物。作為“議會之母”的英國,議會則是其內(nèi)政的集中體現(xiàn),議會對其外交政策的影響是舉足輕重的。18世紀(jì)中后葉,英國率先在世界上啟動(dòng)了工業(yè)革命,英國走出農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的束縛跨進(jìn)工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)。工業(yè)革命的爆發(fā)和海外貿(mào)易的繁榮推動(dòng)著英國社會結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。以工商業(yè)資本家為主導(dǎo)的自由商人往往憑借海外貿(mào)易財(cái)富迅速崛起,其經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力逐步與貴族統(tǒng)治階級并駕齊驅(qū),甚至超越了貴族統(tǒng)治階級,成為國家經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的主要參與者,經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的提升促使這些崛起的階級要求與之相配的議會政治地位,而議會政治權(quán)利的獲取并不是一帆風(fēng)順的,19世紀(jì)初自由商人的利益訴求常常被忽略或者作為貴族統(tǒng)治階級的附庸,然而歷史已指引英國重商主義貿(mào)易向自由主義貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)變。1820年倫敦商人陳情書在議會提議的失敗與1840年議會關(guān)于對華鴉片戰(zhàn)爭提議成功的對比反映的不僅僅是英國貿(mào)易政策的重大轉(zhuǎn)向,也反映了政策轉(zhuǎn)變背后利益集團(tuán)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。從19世紀(jì)初期自由主義的星星之火到19世紀(jì)中后期自由主義的大行其道,這一切的實(shí)現(xiàn)與1832年議會改革有著密切的聯(lián)系。1832年議會改革不僅僅是制度的改革,更是對自由商人既得利益的肯定并賦予其匹配的政治地位,政治地位的獲得為自由貿(mào)易政策的出臺提供了更多的可能,在這個(gè)過程中,自由商人的政治權(quán)利也漸漸向政治權(quán)力過渡,最終自由主義引領(lǐng)英國走向輝煌。本文認(rèn)為,這些變化可視為國內(nèi)政治與對外政策的互動(dòng),議會改革一定程度肯定了自由貿(mào)易者既得利益和地位,為他們?nèi)蘸罄�益維護(hù)贏得了話語權(quán),依靠著政治上的話語權(quán)和經(jīng)濟(jì)上的持續(xù)發(fā)展,自由貿(mào)易最終成為19世紀(jì)英國對外經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,而這是議會改革通過利益偏好、信息和制度三個(gè)因素實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
[Abstract]:Diplomacy is the continuation of internal affairs, and internal affairs is the basis of diplomacy. Foreign policy is often the product of its domestic politics. As the "mother of parliament", the British Parliament is the concentrated embodiment of its internal affairs. Parliament's influence on its foreign policy was significant in the mid-18th century, when Britain took the lead in launching the industrial revolution in the world. Britain stepped out of the shackles of the agricultural economy into the industrial economy. The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution and the prosperity of overseas trade promoted the changes in the social structure of the United Kingdom. Free businessmen, led by industrial and commercial capitalists, often rose rapidly on the basis of overseas trade wealth. Its economic strength gradually kept pace with the aristocratic ruling class, and even surpassed the aristocratic ruling class and became the main participant in the country's economic life. The upgrading of the economic status prompted these rising classes to demand the corresponding parliamentary political status. The acquisition of parliamentary political rights was not an easy one. The interests of liberal merchants in the early 19th century were often ignored or as an appendage of the aristocratic ruling class. History, however, has guided Britain's mercantilist trade to liberalism. The failure of the 1820 London businessman's love letter in Parliament to the 1840 parliamentary proposal for the Opium War against China reflects more than just Britain. A major shift in trade policy, It also reflects the changes in the structure of interest groups behind the policy shift. From the sparkle of liberalism in the beginning of 19th century to the liberalism in the middle and late period of 19th century, The realization of all this is closely related to the parliamentary reform of 1832, which in 1832 was not only a reform of the system, but also an affirmation of the vested interests of free businessmen and a matching political status. The acquisition of political status provides more possibilities for the introduction of free trade policy. In this process, the political rights of free businessmen gradually transition to political power, and finally liberalism leads Britain to glory. These changes can be seen as an interaction between domestic politics and foreign policy. Parliamentary reform has to a certain extent affirmed the vested interests and status of free traders and won a voice for their future interests. Depending on the political right of speech and the sustained development of economy, free trade finally became British foreign economic policy in 19th century, which was realized through interest preference, information and system in parliamentary reform.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：外交學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D756.1

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