發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-24 08:37

  本文選題：選擇效應(yīng) + 補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)�。� 參考：《中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：間作廣泛應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,且種植模式多樣。以往的研究多關(guān)注間作體系中資源高效利用,但對(duì)間作系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)力的時(shí)空穩(wěn)定性、植物種間互作動(dòng)態(tài)等問(wèn)題很少涉及。本研究以西北一熟制地區(qū)19種不同間作體系為研究對(duì)象,通過(guò)在甘肅省武威市、張掖市和靖遠(yuǎn)縣三地設(shè)置為期三年(2012-2014)的田間試驗(yàn),分析種間相互作用對(duì)作物生產(chǎn)力和養(yǎng)分吸收優(yōu)勢(shì)及其時(shí)空穩(wěn)定性的影響,并利用Logistic models模擬不同競(jìng)爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)度間作體系作物生長(zhǎng)和養(yǎng)分獲取的動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程,完善種間相互作用的動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)制,為間作模式的合理配置設(shè)計(jì)和可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)提供理論依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)玉米參與的間作模式大多數(shù)具有產(chǎn)量?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)和養(yǎng)分吸收優(yōu)勢(shì),比相應(yīng)單作提高了14.6%～46.0%。短生育期作物(油菜、胡麻和豌豆)/油葵間作體系基于生產(chǎn)力計(jì)算的土地當(dāng)量比(LER)為1.18～1.54。間作體系(尤其是高桿/矮桿間作體系)基于生產(chǎn)力計(jì)算的LER隨著時(shí)間生態(tài)位分離度(TND)的增加而顯著增加(P0.01)。(2)當(dāng)高產(chǎn)作物在間作時(shí)對(duì)體系產(chǎn)量和養(yǎng)分吸收量相對(duì)單作的增加(減少)的影響占主導(dǎo)地位時(shí),生物多樣性凈效應(yīng)、補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)和選擇效應(yīng)均表現(xiàn)為正(負(fù))效應(yīng);當(dāng)?shù)彤a(chǎn)作物在間作時(shí)對(duì)體系產(chǎn)量和養(yǎng)分吸收量相對(duì)單作的增加(減少)的影響程度更大時(shí),生物多樣性凈效應(yīng)和補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為正(負(fù))效應(yīng),選擇效應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為負(fù)(正)效應(yīng)。無(wú)論生物多樣性凈效應(yīng)為正還是負(fù),間作體系(尤其是高桿/矮桿間作體系)基于生產(chǎn)力和養(yǎng)分吸收量計(jì)算的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)隨著TND的增加而顯著增加(P0.05),選擇效應(yīng)則與TND呈顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)(P0.05)。(3)在玉米/蠶豆、玉米/豌豆和玉米/小麥間作體系中,與相應(yīng)單作相比,間作蠶豆、豌豆和小麥的干物質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分吸收的最大累積量(Ymax)分別提高了 34.5%～49.5%、8.6%～38.1%和34.9%～62.4%;最大日生長(zhǎng)速率(Imax-Y)分別增加了 1.6～2.1倍、1.3～1.6倍和1.7～2.4倍。與單作玉米相比,與蠶豆和小麥間作玉米的Ymax和Imax-Y均無(wú)顯著性差異,而與豌豆間作的玉米的Ymax和Imax-Y則分別顯著提高了 25.5%～38.9%和24.3%～60.7%;與蠶豆、豌豆和小麥間作玉米獲得干物質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分吸收最大瞬時(shí)生長(zhǎng)速率的時(shí)間(TImax-Y)分別比單作玉米分別延遲了 10～13d、11～20d和3～12 d。間作強(qiáng)化了作物之間的生態(tài)位分離。(4)無(wú)論是以作物還是體系為研究對(duì)象,間作生產(chǎn)力和養(yǎng)分吸收量的時(shí)空穩(wěn)定性與相應(yīng)單作相比無(wú)顯著差異。當(dāng)短生育期作物胡麻、油菜與長(zhǎng)生育期高桿作物玉米或油葵間作時(shí),其時(shí)間穩(wěn)定性系數(shù)比相應(yīng)單作體系增加了 35.2%～256.8%;豆科作物大豆、豌豆與玉米間作時(shí)基于生產(chǎn)力和養(yǎng)分吸收量計(jì)算的時(shí)間穩(wěn)定性系數(shù)均等于或高于相應(yīng)單作體系。綜上所述,大部分間作體系在具有產(chǎn)量?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)和養(yǎng)分吸收優(yōu)勢(shì)的同時(shí),能夠維持時(shí)空穩(wěn)定性。
[Abstract]:Intercropping is widely used in agricultural production, and the planting patterns are diverse. Previous studies have focused on the efficient utilization of resources in intercropping systems, but little attention has been paid to the spatio-temporal stability of intercropping system productivity and the dynamics of plant interspecific interactions. In this study, 19 different intercropping systems in a cooked area of northwest China were studied. Field experiments were conducted in Wuwei, Zhangye and Jingyuan counties in Gansu Province for a period of three years (2012-2014). The effects of interspecific interactions on crop productivity, nutrient absorption advantage and spatiotemporal stability were analyzed. Logistic models was used to simulate the dynamic process of crop growth and nutrient acquisition in intercropping systems with different competitive intensities. The dynamic mechanism of interspecific interaction is improved to provide theoretical basis for rational allocation design and sustainable production of intercropping mode. The main results were as follows: (1) most of the intercropping patterns of maize had yield advantage and nutrient absorption advantage, which were 14.6m 46.0g higher than the corresponding monoculture. The land equivalent ratio (Ler) of short growing period crops (rapeseed, flax and pea / sunflower intercropping system based on productivity) was 1.18 ~ 1.54. LER calculated based on productivity in intercropping systems (especially high-stem / dwarf intercropping systems) increased significantly with the increase of niche separation degree in time (P 0.01N. M). When high yield crops were intercropping, the yield and nutrient uptake of the system were relatively single. When the effect of the increase (decrease) is dominant, The net effects of biodiversity, compensatory effects and selective effects were positive (negative) effects, and the effects of low yield crops on the yield and nutrient uptake of the system were greater than those of monoculture. The net and compensatory effects of biodiversity are positive (negative) effects, and the selection effects are negative (positive) effects. Whether the net effect of biodiversity is positive or negative, The compensatory effect of intercropping system (especially high-stem / dwarf intercropping system) based on productivity and nutrient uptake increased significantly with the increase of TND, while the selective effect was negatively correlated with TND. In maize / pea and maize / wheat intercropping systems, compared with the corresponding monoculture, the intercropping of broad bean, The maximum accumulative amount of dry matter and nutrient uptake of pea and wheat increased by 38.5%, 38.1% and 34.4%, respectively, and the maximum daily growth rate (Imax-YX) increased by 1.61 times and 1.72.4 times, respectively. Compared with monoculture maize, the Ymax and Imax-Y of maize intercropping with broad bean and wheat had no significant difference, but the Ymax and Imax-Y of maize intercropping with pea were significantly increased by 38.9% and 24.30.7%, respectively, compared with the intercropping of broad bean and wheat, the Ymax and Imax-Y of maize intercropping with pea were increased by 25.5% and 24.30.7%, respectively. The time of obtaining the maximum instantaneous growth rate of dry matter and nutrient uptake by pea and wheat intercropping maize was 10 ~ 13d ~ 1120d and 3n ~ 12d later than that of monoculture maize, respectively. The spatial and temporal stability of intercropping productivity and nutrient uptake was not significantly different from that of monoculture. When short growing period crop flax, rapeseed and long growing period high stem crop corn or oil sunflower were intercropping, the time stability coefficient increased 35.2256.8% than the corresponding monoculture system, soybean, leguminous crop, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, soybean, The time stability coefficient of pea and maize intercropping based on productivity and nutrient uptake was equal to or higher than that of the corresponding monoculture system. In conclusion, most intercropping systems have the advantage of yield and nutrient absorption, while maintaining space-time stability.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S344.2

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