發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-15 18:52

  本文選題：北方旱作區(qū) + 產(chǎn)量��； 參考：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：北方旱作區(qū)是我國重要的糧食生產(chǎn)基地,在保障國家糧食安全中有著重要地位,但該區(qū)域糧食生產(chǎn)面臨著干旱缺水和土壤供肥不足等資源條件限制,導(dǎo)致作物產(chǎn)量低而不穩(wěn)。雖然在過去的多年中作物產(chǎn)量大幅提升,但是該區(qū)域旱地小麥、玉米產(chǎn)量和水肥利用特征、提升空間及其主要驅(qū)動(dòng)因素仍不清楚。本研究對我國北方旱作區(qū)1970-2015年開展的田間試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研究和整合分析,獲得如下主要結(jié)論:(1)探明了北方旱作區(qū)旱地小麥、玉米產(chǎn)量和水肥利用效率的變化特征。1980-2015年北方旱作區(qū)旱地小麥和玉米的產(chǎn)量平均為3902 kg/ha和7785 kg/ha,WUE平均為11.6 kg/ha.mm和19.1 kg/ha.mm,NUE平均為30.7%和35.1%。1980s至今,小麥、玉米的產(chǎn)量和WUE大幅提高。與1980s相比,2011-2015年小麥和玉米的產(chǎn)量分別提高了 60.2%和54.5%,WUE分別提高了 37.0%和70.5%。1980-2015年,小麥和玉米NUE呈先升高后降低的趨勢,分別在2000s和1990s達(dá)到最高。小麥產(chǎn)量和WUE隨著區(qū)域降水量的增加顯著提高,玉米產(chǎn)量和WUE在年降水量350 mm區(qū)域顯著降低,其它區(qū)域差異不顯著。小麥和玉米的NUE均在年降水量550-650 mm區(qū)域顯著高于其它降水區(qū)域。小麥和玉米的PFP-N和PFP-P隨著降水量的增加而顯著提高。(2)1980s以來,北方旱作區(qū)降水總體呈現(xiàn)降低趨勢,對作物產(chǎn)量和WUE的提高不利�；�肥投入量的大幅增加和土壤肥力的提升驅(qū)動(dòng)了作物產(chǎn)量和WUE提高。但是施肥量的增加導(dǎo)致了作物PFP和NUE的降低。作物產(chǎn)量、WUE和NUE區(qū)域間的差異主要受ET影響,尤其是小麥。不同區(qū)域化肥投入和土壤供肥能力的不均衡也導(dǎo)致了作物產(chǎn)量的差異。(3)栽培技術(shù)的進(jìn)步是推動(dòng)作物產(chǎn)量和WUE提升的重要因素。1980s至今,技術(shù)對小麥和玉米產(chǎn)量的貢獻(xiàn)分別為19.1%和18.2%、對WUE的貢獻(xiàn)均為15.3%。隨著時(shí)間推移和區(qū)域降水量的增加,技術(shù)對作物產(chǎn)量和WUE的貢獻(xiàn)份額降低。技術(shù)對小麥和玉米NUE的貢獻(xiàn)則隨著年代和降水量的增加呈顯著升高的趨勢。從單項(xiàng)技術(shù)看,地膜覆蓋、秸稈覆蓋、免耕、深松、平衡施肥等技術(shù)均對作物產(chǎn)量和WUE具有較好的提升效果,且多數(shù)技術(shù)在降水較低區(qū)域更優(yōu)。(4)北方旱作區(qū)小麥和玉米高產(chǎn)分別為6823 kg/ha和13149 kg/ha,平均產(chǎn)量分別為高產(chǎn)的的48.4%和53.4%,仍有1倍的提升空間。小麥和玉米WUE最大可實(shí)現(xiàn)20.4 kg/ha.mm和34.2 kg/ha.mm。造成作物產(chǎn)量差異的主要原因是土壤供水不足、肥料投入偏低、土壤供肥能力差以及技術(shù)應(yīng)用率低。有效降低土壤蒸發(fā)、協(xié)調(diào)水肥關(guān)系、提升土壤供肥能力和加強(qiáng)技術(shù)應(yīng)用是北方旱作區(qū)作物產(chǎn)量和水肥效率進(jìn)一步提高的主要途徑。
[Abstract]:Dry farming area in northern China is an important food production base in China, which plays an important role in ensuring national food security. However, grain production in this region is faced with resource constraints such as drought and water shortage and insufficient soil supply of fertilizer, which leads to low and unstable crop yield.Although crop yields have increased significantly in the past few years, the characteristics of wheat and maize yields, water and fertilizer use, the space for improvement and their main drivers in dryland areas in the region are still unclear.In this study, a systematic study and integrated analysis of field trials conducted from 1970 to 2015 in dry farming areas of northern China were carried out. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) the dry land wheat in dry farming areas of northern China has been proved.Characteristics of Maize yield and Water and Fertilizer use efficiency. From 1980 to 2015, the average yields of wheat and maize in dryland areas of North China were 3902 kg/ha and 7785 kg / ha, respectively. The average yields of wheat and maize were 11.6 kg/ha.mm and 19.1 kg / ha.mm nue, respectively, 30.7% and 35..1% respectively, and the yields and WUE of wheat and maize increased significantly from 1980 to present.Compared with 1980's, wheat and maize yield increased by 60.2% and 54.5% respectively in 2011-2015 and 70.5% and 70.5% in 1980-2015, respectively. The NUE of wheat and maize increased first and then decreased, and reached the highest in 2000s and 1990s, respectively.Wheat yield and WUE increased significantly with the increase of regional precipitation, maize yield and WUE decreased significantly in 350mm annual precipitation, but there was no significant difference in other regions.The NUE of wheat and maize were significantly higher than that of other precipitation regions in the precipitation range of 550-650 mm.The PFP-N and PFP-P of wheat and maize increased significantly with the increase of precipitation. Since 1980 s, the precipitation in the dry farming area of North China showed a decreasing trend, which was unfavorable to the increase of crop yield and WUE.The increase of fertilizer input and soil fertility led to the increase of crop yield and WUE.But the increase of fertilization resulted in the decrease of PFP and NUE.The difference of crop yield between Wue and NUE was mainly affected by et, especially wheat.The imbalance of fertilizer input and the ability of soil fertilizer supply in different regions also led to the difference of crop yield. The improvement of cultivation technology was an important factor to promote crop yield and WUE increase from 1980 s to present.The contribution of technology to wheat and maize yield was 19.1% and 18.2%, respectively, and the contribution to WUE was 15.3.As time goes on and regional precipitation increases, the contribution of technology to crop yield and WUE decreases.The contribution of technology to NUE of wheat and maize increased significantly with the increase of age and precipitation.From the point of view of single technique, mulching with mulch, straw mulching, no-tillage, deep loosening, balanced fertilization and other techniques all have better effects on crop yield and WUE.The yield of wheat and maize were 6823 kg/ha and 13149 kg / ha, respectively. The average yield of wheat and maize were 48.4% and 53.4% of that of high yield, respectively.The maximum WUE of wheat and maize can be achieved by 20.4 kg/ha.mm and 34.2 kg / ha.mm.The main reasons for the difference of crop yield are insufficient soil water supply, low fertilizer input, poor capacity of soil fertilizer supply and low application rate of technology.Effective reduction of soil evaporation, coordination of water and fertilizer relationships, enhancement of soil fertilizer supply capacity and enhancement of technical application are the main ways to further improve crop yield and water and fertilizer efficiency in dry farming areas in the north of China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S512.1;S513

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