北魏官俸和爵祿制度研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-03 15:28
【摘要】：北魏建立伊始,剛剛脫胎于氏族部落制,還帶有鮮明的游牧民族特色,畜牧經(jīng)濟(jì)、射獵經(jīng)濟(jì)所占比重巨大,而此時期官員的收入是依靠掠奪模式下的戰(zhàn)利品再分配,即不定期的班賞制度,其獲利的主要人群主要是拓跋諸部的宗室、勛貴,依附的部落豪酋以及漢地的宗主。他們隨軍出征獲得大量的賞賜,遂成豪富,而其他官員則逐漸貧困。北魏初期吏治敗壞。至孝文帝時,累數(shù)代之功,在太和八年班行了俸祿制,開創(chuàng)了以品定俸制度,這項制度不僅為北齊繼承且一直延續(xù)到了明清,影響深遠(yuǎn)。論文主要研究北魏官員的官俸和爵祿兩個方面,二者共同構(gòu)成了官員收入的主體。前人對此已有諸多研究,筆者有一些新的想法。筆者認(rèn)為北魏的班賜制主要有著三個方面的變化:首先從班賜的范圍看來,是有一個從隨軍官員到留臺官員的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變過程;其次從班賜的內(nèi)容來看,大致上有著從掠奪牲畜到布帛金銀等的轉(zhuǎn)變,不過牲畜一直多次出現(xiàn)于歷次班賜中;最后,北魏前期的戰(zhàn)后班賜以及各項班賜都呈現(xiàn)出一個不斷減少的狀態(tài)。北魏俸祿地方先于中央,且應(yīng)是由地方俸祿軍府食祿轉(zhuǎn)化而來。但其時諸制草創(chuàng),直到班祿詔后,才從中央到地方建立起制度化的俸祿制。前代學(xué)者多注意到道武帝時期的軍府食祿,以及獻(xiàn)文帝時期在地方上建立了俸祿制度。筆者在查閱史料后,認(rèn)為其二者是具有繼承性的。在《魏書》卷113《官氏志》中記載,文成帝時期“護(hù)軍轉(zhuǎn)太守”,部分軍府的將領(lǐng)成為地方上的太守,將軍府食祿也帶到了地方,到了獻(xiàn)文帝采納張白澤的上疏后,才在地方上全面建立起俸祿制。俸祿制度頒行后,地方上官員之前享有的俸祿還沒有規(guī)范化,于是在俸祿詔書班行后一二年間又制定了“依戶給俸”和“隨地給公田”的制度。班賜制度并沒有消失。直至孝文帝在位期間,其在全國頒行囊括中央和地方官員的俸祿制度。而班賜制度也并沒有完全的泯沒于歷史,除獻(xiàn)文帝時期沒有班賜記錄,孝文帝及其后諸帝依舊有班賜,其中的戰(zhàn)后班賜,賞賜俘虜?shù)葢?zhàn)爭掠奪品。只不過次數(shù)很少,在官員俸祿中并不占有主要地位,筆者認(rèn)為這僅是北魏拓跋族漢化后,游牧民族特性的一種制度遺存,也證明終北魏一朝,一直是胡漢雜糅的政治體制。俸祿制班行后,孝文帝完善官僚機(jī)構(gòu),加強(qiáng)對百官的貪腐整治,吏治得到了澄明。北魏在孝文帝時期建立了七十致仕的制度,從現(xiàn)有的史料記載,部分高級官員在致仕時會受到皇帝的特別禮待,提高官品,從而提高職俸的待遇。同時致仕官員還享有皇帝的不定期賞賜等。班爵食邑制度是在孝文帝時期建立的,北魏初期前代學(xué)者已多有論述其是虛封。其主要是保障拓跋族人依靠爵位獲得班賞,同時起到對胡族酋帥以及漢族宗主的安撫作用。孝文帝時期虛封開始轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)嵎?但也同時實封和虛封并存,授王爵者皆是實封。而其他爵位,只有獲得“開國”爵稱,才是實封。公、侯、伯、子、男爵受封者為神元帝后嗣、外戚、代北十姓貴族、世家大族、胡族酋帥等,這些人大多在朝為官,所以封邑的租稅也是他們收入的來源。對官員授爵所獲的食邑進(jìn)行全方面的研究,才能更好的了解和認(rèn)識到當(dāng)時官員的實際收入狀況。北魏對官俸和爵祿的改革,體現(xiàn)了北魏國家逐漸漢化的過程,其制度為以后的隋唐的制度建設(shè)提供很好的積淀和借鑒作用。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was just born out of the clan tribe system, with distinctive nomadic ethnic characteristics, animal husbandry economy, and the huge proportion of hunting economy. In this period, the income of officials was redistributed by the plunder mode, that is, the irregular class reward system. The main profit of the main crowd was the clan of tuoto and postscript, and the LORD was expensive and depended on. The attached tribe Howe, and the master of the Han Dynasty, were expedition to a large number of rewards, and became rich and rich, and the other officials were gradually poor. In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, the official officials were corrupted. To the emperor of filial piety for a number of generations, the salary system was set up in the eight years of the Taihe class. The system not only inherited and continued to Beiqi but also continued to the North Qi Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the influence of the official salary and the jazz of the Northern Wei Dynasty was studied in two aspects. The two party constituted the main body of the official income. The predecessors had a lot of research and the author had some new ideas. The author believed that the Northern Wei's class system was mainly changed in three aspects: first, from the scope of the class, there was one from the army. The gradual change process of officials to the officials in Taiwan; secondly, from the contents of the class, there was a change from the looting of livestock to cloth, silk, gold and silver, but the livestock had always appeared in various classes. Finally, the postwar classes and various classes in the early Northern Wei Dynasty showed a state of decreasing. The central government was supposed to be transformed from the local salary of the local salary of the government's salary, but it was not until the imperial edict that the institutionalized salary system was established only after the imperial edict. The former scholars paid more attention to the military food and wealth of the emperor in the period of the Emperor Wu, and the establishment of the salary system in the period of the Emperor Wen emperor. It was inheriting. In the "Wei Shu" volume 113< official records, it was recorded that during the period of the emperor of the Wencheng emperor, "the guards turned Tai Ji", the generals of some military mansion became the local Tai guards, and the general mansion food was brought to the place, and after the emperor adopted Zhang Bai's upper thinning, the local officials had built up a salary system in an all-round way. After the promulgation of the salary system, the local officials In the one or two years after the salary and imperial edict, the system of "according to the household to pay" and "to the public field" was formulated. The system did not disappear. The system of salary of the central and local officials was enactment in the whole country. In addition to the history, there was no class record in the period of emperor Wendi, the emperor of filial piety and his later emperors still had class gifts, among which the war robbing, such as the postwar class, and the reward of the prisoners, was only a few times and did not occupy the main position in the official's salary. The author thought this was only a system of the characteristics of the nomadic people after the Han Dynasty of the Northern Wei Tuo tribe. It was also proved that the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty was a political system of the hybridity of Hu and Han. After the salary system, Emperor Xiaowen perfected the bureaucracy and strengthened the corruption regulation of the hundred officials. The Northern Wei Dynasty established a system of seventy officials in the period of the emperor of filial piety. From the existing historical records, some senior officials will be given the special gift of the emperor in his official career. At the same time, the official officials also enjoyed the salary of the official salary. At the same time, the official officials also enjoyed the unscheduled reward of the emperor. The Lord's appeasement. The virtual seal of the emperor of filial piety began to turn to the real seal, but also the coexistence of the real seal and the virtual seal, and the Wang Jue is the real seal. And the other title, only obtained the "open state" count, was the real seal. The male, the Hou, the son, the Baron were the descendants of the God Yuan emperor, the relatives, the ten aristocrats of the dynasty, the Hu family and the chieftain, and so on, and many of these people's people. In the North Korea, the tax is the source of their income. In order to understand and understand the actual income situation of the officials at that time, a full study of the feeds obtained by the officials can better understand and realize the actual income situation of the officials at that time. The reform of the official salaries and the Jazz in the Northern Wei Dynasty embodies the gradual process of the Han Dynasty in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and its system is the Sui and Tang system in the future. The construction provides a good accumulation and reference.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K239.21
本文編號：2162173
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was just born out of the clan tribe system, with distinctive nomadic ethnic characteristics, animal husbandry economy, and the huge proportion of hunting economy. In this period, the income of officials was redistributed by the plunder mode, that is, the irregular class reward system. The main profit of the main crowd was the clan of tuoto and postscript, and the LORD was expensive and depended on. The attached tribe Howe, and the master of the Han Dynasty, were expedition to a large number of rewards, and became rich and rich, and the other officials were gradually poor. In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, the official officials were corrupted. To the emperor of filial piety for a number of generations, the salary system was set up in the eight years of the Taihe class. The system not only inherited and continued to Beiqi but also continued to the North Qi Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the influence of the official salary and the jazz of the Northern Wei Dynasty was studied in two aspects. The two party constituted the main body of the official income. The predecessors had a lot of research and the author had some new ideas. The author believed that the Northern Wei's class system was mainly changed in three aspects: first, from the scope of the class, there was one from the army. The gradual change process of officials to the officials in Taiwan; secondly, from the contents of the class, there was a change from the looting of livestock to cloth, silk, gold and silver, but the livestock had always appeared in various classes. Finally, the postwar classes and various classes in the early Northern Wei Dynasty showed a state of decreasing. The central government was supposed to be transformed from the local salary of the local salary of the government's salary, but it was not until the imperial edict that the institutionalized salary system was established only after the imperial edict. The former scholars paid more attention to the military food and wealth of the emperor in the period of the Emperor Wu, and the establishment of the salary system in the period of the Emperor Wen emperor. It was inheriting. In the "Wei Shu" volume 113< official records, it was recorded that during the period of the emperor of the Wencheng emperor, "the guards turned Tai Ji", the generals of some military mansion became the local Tai guards, and the general mansion food was brought to the place, and after the emperor adopted Zhang Bai's upper thinning, the local officials had built up a salary system in an all-round way. After the promulgation of the salary system, the local officials In the one or two years after the salary and imperial edict, the system of "according to the household to pay" and "to the public field" was formulated. The system did not disappear. The system of salary of the central and local officials was enactment in the whole country. In addition to the history, there was no class record in the period of emperor Wendi, the emperor of filial piety and his later emperors still had class gifts, among which the war robbing, such as the postwar class, and the reward of the prisoners, was only a few times and did not occupy the main position in the official's salary. The author thought this was only a system of the characteristics of the nomadic people after the Han Dynasty of the Northern Wei Tuo tribe. It was also proved that the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty was a political system of the hybridity of Hu and Han. After the salary system, Emperor Xiaowen perfected the bureaucracy and strengthened the corruption regulation of the hundred officials. The Northern Wei Dynasty established a system of seventy officials in the period of the emperor of filial piety. From the existing historical records, some senior officials will be given the special gift of the emperor in his official career. At the same time, the official officials also enjoyed the salary of the official salary. At the same time, the official officials also enjoyed the unscheduled reward of the emperor. The Lord's appeasement. The virtual seal of the emperor of filial piety began to turn to the real seal, but also the coexistence of the real seal and the virtual seal, and the Wang Jue is the real seal. And the other title, only obtained the "open state" count, was the real seal. The male, the Hou, the son, the Baron were the descendants of the God Yuan emperor, the relatives, the ten aristocrats of the dynasty, the Hu family and the chieftain, and so on, and many of these people's people. In the North Korea, the tax is the source of their income. In order to understand and understand the actual income situation of the officials at that time, a full study of the feeds obtained by the officials can better understand and realize the actual income situation of the officials at that time. The reform of the official salaries and the Jazz in the Northern Wei Dynasty embodies the gradual process of the Han Dynasty in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and its system is the Sui and Tang system in the future. The construction provides a good accumulation and reference.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K239.21
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