1721-1751年西藏世俗貴族力量的崛起和影響
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-28 17:56
【摘要】：1721-1751年西藏世俗貴族政治局面是西藏政體發(fā)展過程中較為特殊的一段歷史時(shí)期。自13世紀(jì)以來(lái),西藏地方政體的最突出特點(diǎn)即是任何政權(quán)或地方政治力量均直接依托于宗教教派組織而存在。可以說宗教教派組織成為一切政權(quán)和政治力量的基本載體,而政權(quán)和政治力量也往往直接為其所依附的宗教教派組織謀取利益。因此在這樣的歷史背景下,宗教人物往往在這種政治格局中扮演著政治權(quán)力的代言者。特別是在五世達(dá)賴?yán)飼r(shí)期,格魯派宗教力量與蒙古軍事力量的聯(lián)盟,確立了格魯派寺院集團(tuán)在西藏的統(tǒng)治地位。而清朝“興黃教,以安眾蒙古”的政策,更是對(duì)西藏宗教力量的推崇達(dá)到了極至。在這種巨大的宗教權(quán)勢(shì)沖擊下,世俗貴族力量始終處于邊緣化。隨著1717年準(zhǔn)噶爾勢(shì)力入侵西藏、1720年清軍入藏剿滅準(zhǔn)噶爾勢(shì)力后,清朝結(jié)束了利用蒙古勢(shì)力間接管理西藏的政治局面,進(jìn)一步推行政教分離的政治策略,大力扶持西藏世俗貴族,開啟了世俗貴族掌政的歷史新局面,由此實(shí)現(xiàn)清朝對(duì)西藏地方的直接統(tǒng)治。從1721年噶倫聯(lián)合掌政到1751年郡王制的徹底瓦解,世俗貴族在清朝的大力扶持下,獨(dú)攬西藏地方政治權(quán)力長(zhǎng)達(dá)三十年之久,這一時(shí)期以達(dá)賴?yán)餅榇淼淖诮碳瘓F(tuán)力量基本被排斥于西藏政局之外。世俗貴族也正是利用這一有利的政治環(huán)境,實(shí)施了一系列的政治措施,使世俗貴族政治局面得到進(jìn)一步的鞏固和發(fā)展。這也直接促使西藏地方的政治呈現(xiàn)出某種程度的世俗化傾向,并對(duì)西藏社會(huì)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。首先它不僅促進(jìn)了西藏地方貴族等級(jí)制度的體系化,有限的維護(hù)了西藏社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定,同時(shí)也為日后世俗貴族階層政治勢(shì)力的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了良好的條件,其次它為清朝對(duì)西藏地方統(tǒng)治體制從“政教分離”到“政教合一”的過渡產(chǎn)生了重要的影響,為后期西藏噶廈政府內(nèi)部僧俗勢(shì)力互相牽制這一政治策略的形成奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ),最后它為清朝逐步加強(qiáng)中央集權(quán),實(shí)現(xiàn)管理西藏直接化完創(chuàng)造了良好的條件。本論文以1721-1751年西藏世俗貴族政治局面的形成、發(fā)展及其瓦解為主要研究對(duì)象,通過簡(jiǎn)單梳理世俗貴族在西藏各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的政治發(fā)展道路,對(duì)這一階級(jí)的政治命運(yùn)及政治功用進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單的梳理與分析,特別是針對(duì)1721-1751年西藏世俗貴族領(lǐng)主與宗教集團(tuán)之間的關(guān)系發(fā)展變化、前后藏世俗領(lǐng)主之間的矛盾發(fā)展演變以及清朝治藏政策的調(diào)整與完善對(duì)世俗貴族的影響等,作為本次研究的切入點(diǎn),力爭(zhēng)客觀、詳實(shí)的世俗貴族這一階層的政治發(fā)展道路進(jìn)行總結(jié)、分析家。本論文共分為四個(gè)章節(jié)進(jìn)行撰寫,具體內(nèi)容如下;第一章對(duì)世俗貴族在18世紀(jì)之前的政治發(fā)展道路進(jìn)行了脈絡(luò)整理,分別對(duì)公元7-13世紀(jì)即吐蕃王朝與分治割據(jù)時(shí)期、以及薩迦,帕竹家族式政教合一體制、甘丹頗章政權(quán)前期這三個(gè)歷史時(shí)期為切入點(diǎn),以當(dāng)時(shí)西藏地方政體發(fā)展演變的大格局框架下,對(duì)世俗貴族這一階層的政治地位、以及政治力量的變化進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)要梳理及分析。第二章對(duì)1721-1727年世俗貴族政治局面的初步形成,進(jìn)行脈絡(luò)梳理。對(duì)世俗貴族勢(shì)力如何把握害己同時(shí)重點(diǎn)對(duì)世俗貴族政治局面形成的原因以及在這一體制下,西藏地方政治權(quán)利的調(diào)整等進(jìn)行了重點(diǎn)論述。其中更對(duì)世俗貴族矛盾的形成、發(fā)展,激化等進(jìn)行了總結(jié)分析,并對(duì)衛(wèi)藏戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的爆發(fā)的原因和結(jié)果做了重點(diǎn)論述。第三章對(duì)1727-1751年世俗貴族政治局面的進(jìn)一步鞏固進(jìn)行了論述,以郡王制這一世俗貴族政權(quán)為對(duì)象,具體將其劃分為頗羅鼐及珠爾炠特那木扎勒?qǐng)?zhí)政時(shí)期兩個(gè)階段,對(duì)其進(jìn)行了歸納、分析。尤其針對(duì)不同時(shí)期僧俗矛盾的發(fā)展進(jìn)行了重點(diǎn)論述,該章節(jié)同時(shí)也對(duì)世俗貴族政權(quán)的瓦解及其原因進(jìn)行了總結(jié)分析。第四章對(duì)1721-1751年西藏政治世俗化對(duì)西藏社會(huì)產(chǎn)生的影響進(jìn)行了重點(diǎn)論述,分別從促進(jìn)貴族等級(jí)制度的體系化、有限維護(hù)西藏社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定及促使清朝對(duì)西藏統(tǒng)治體制的演變?nèi)齻�(gè)角度進(jìn)行了重點(diǎn)論述。
[Abstract]:The political situation of the Tibet secular aristocracy in the past 1721-1751 years is a relatively special period in the course of the development of Tibet's political system. Since thirteenth Century, the most prominent feature of the Tibet local regime is that any political power or local political power is directly dependent on the Yu Zongjiao sectarian organization. It can be said that the religious sects have become all political and political organizations. The basic carrier of power and the political power and political power often directly benefit the religious sects attached to them. In this historical background, the religious figures often play the political power of the political power. Especially in the period of the fifth Darai Lama, the religious forces of the Georgia and the military power of Mongolia. The consortium established the ruling position of the Georgia monastery group in Tibet, while the policy of "Xing Huang Jiao and Mongolia" in the Qing Dynasty was the most admiration of the religious power of Tibet. Under the impact of the great religious power, the secular aristocracy was always marginalized. With the invasion of Tibet in 1717 and the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, the Junggar forces were in the Qing Dynasty. After the military invasion and suppression of Junggar forces, the Qing Dynasty ended the political situation of the indirect administration of Tibet by the forces of Mongolia, further pushed the political strategy of separation of administrative education, supported the secular aristocracy of Tibet, opened a new situation in the history of the palmar of the secular aristocracy, and thus realized the direct rule of the Qing Dynasty to Tibet. By the complete disintegration of the system of the monarch in 1751, the secular aristocrats supported the Tibet local political power for thirty years under the support of the Qing Dynasty. The religious group power represented by the Darai Lama in this period was basically excluded from the political situation in Tibet. The secular aristocracy was also using this favorable political environment to implement a series of political conditions. Political measures have made the political situation of the secular aristocrats further consolidated and developed. This also directly promoted the politics of Tibet local politics to a certain degree of secularization and had a profound influence on the society of Tibet. First, it not only promoted the systematization of the rank system of the local nobility in Tibet, but also limited the stability of the Tibet society. At the same time, it also created good conditions for the development of the political power of the secular aristocracy in the future. Secondly, it had an important influence on the transition from "separation of politics and religion" to "unity of politics and education" in Tibet's local rule system in the Qing Dynasty, and laid the foundation for the formation of the political strategy of the monks and secular forces within the later Tibet government. In the end it created a good condition for the Qing Dynasty to strengthen centralization gradually and realize the direct management of Tibet in the Qing Dynasty. This paper took the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy in Tibet for 1721-1751 years, the development and disintegration of the political situation as the main research object, through a simple combing of the political development road of the secular aristocrats in each historical period of Tibet. The political destiny and political function of this class were briefly combed and analyzed, especially for the development and change of the relationship between the secular lords and the religious groups in Tibet in the past 1721-1751 years, the evolution of the contradictions between the secular lords and the secular leaders, as well as the adjustment and improvement of the policy of the Qing Dynasty to the secular aristocracy, and so on. The entry point of this study is to sum up the political development road of the secular aristocracy, which is objective and detailed. This paper is divided into four chapters, and the specific content is as follows. The first chapter collate the path of political development of the secular aristocracy before eighteenth Century, which is the king of Tubo in the 7-13 century, respectively. In the period of the secular separation between the Dynasty and the division, as well as the system of the family style of politics and religion of Sacha and Pampa, the three historical periods in the early period of the regime of the regime of Tibet were the breakthrough point. The political status of the secular aristocracy, as well as the change of political power, was briefly combed and analyzed under the framework of the development and evolution of the local regime at that time. Second In this chapter, the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocrats in the past 1721-1727 years was reviewed. The reasons for the political situation of the secular aristocracy and the reasons for the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy, as well as the adjustment of the local political rights under this system, were emphatically discussed. The formation and development of the contradictions of the secular aristocrats in Tibet were also discussed. The third chapter discusses the further consolidation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy in the 1727-1751 years, and takes the system of the secular aristocracy as the object of the system of the system of the secular aristocracy, and specifically divides it into two times in the period of the ruling period. At the stage, it has carried on the induction and analysis, especially aimed at the development of the contradiction of the monks and customs in different periods. The chapter also summarizes and analyzes the disintegration of the secular aristocracy and its reasons. The fourth chapter focuses on the influence of the secularization of Tibet's political secularization to the social production of Tibet in the 1721-1751 years, and the promotion of the political secularization of the secularization. The systematization of aristocratic hierarchy, the limited maintenance of social stability in Tibet and the three aspects of the Qing Dynasty's evolution of Tibet's governing system were discussed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西藏大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K249
本文編號(hào)：2151147
[Abstract]:The political situation of the Tibet secular aristocracy in the past 1721-1751 years is a relatively special period in the course of the development of Tibet's political system. Since thirteenth Century, the most prominent feature of the Tibet local regime is that any political power or local political power is directly dependent on the Yu Zongjiao sectarian organization. It can be said that the religious sects have become all political and political organizations. The basic carrier of power and the political power and political power often directly benefit the religious sects attached to them. In this historical background, the religious figures often play the political power of the political power. Especially in the period of the fifth Darai Lama, the religious forces of the Georgia and the military power of Mongolia. The consortium established the ruling position of the Georgia monastery group in Tibet, while the policy of "Xing Huang Jiao and Mongolia" in the Qing Dynasty was the most admiration of the religious power of Tibet. Under the impact of the great religious power, the secular aristocracy was always marginalized. With the invasion of Tibet in 1717 and the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, the Junggar forces were in the Qing Dynasty. After the military invasion and suppression of Junggar forces, the Qing Dynasty ended the political situation of the indirect administration of Tibet by the forces of Mongolia, further pushed the political strategy of separation of administrative education, supported the secular aristocracy of Tibet, opened a new situation in the history of the palmar of the secular aristocracy, and thus realized the direct rule of the Qing Dynasty to Tibet. By the complete disintegration of the system of the monarch in 1751, the secular aristocrats supported the Tibet local political power for thirty years under the support of the Qing Dynasty. The religious group power represented by the Darai Lama in this period was basically excluded from the political situation in Tibet. The secular aristocracy was also using this favorable political environment to implement a series of political conditions. Political measures have made the political situation of the secular aristocrats further consolidated and developed. This also directly promoted the politics of Tibet local politics to a certain degree of secularization and had a profound influence on the society of Tibet. First, it not only promoted the systematization of the rank system of the local nobility in Tibet, but also limited the stability of the Tibet society. At the same time, it also created good conditions for the development of the political power of the secular aristocracy in the future. Secondly, it had an important influence on the transition from "separation of politics and religion" to "unity of politics and education" in Tibet's local rule system in the Qing Dynasty, and laid the foundation for the formation of the political strategy of the monks and secular forces within the later Tibet government. In the end it created a good condition for the Qing Dynasty to strengthen centralization gradually and realize the direct management of Tibet in the Qing Dynasty. This paper took the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy in Tibet for 1721-1751 years, the development and disintegration of the political situation as the main research object, through a simple combing of the political development road of the secular aristocrats in each historical period of Tibet. The political destiny and political function of this class were briefly combed and analyzed, especially for the development and change of the relationship between the secular lords and the religious groups in Tibet in the past 1721-1751 years, the evolution of the contradictions between the secular lords and the secular leaders, as well as the adjustment and improvement of the policy of the Qing Dynasty to the secular aristocracy, and so on. The entry point of this study is to sum up the political development road of the secular aristocracy, which is objective and detailed. This paper is divided into four chapters, and the specific content is as follows. The first chapter collate the path of political development of the secular aristocracy before eighteenth Century, which is the king of Tubo in the 7-13 century, respectively. In the period of the secular separation between the Dynasty and the division, as well as the system of the family style of politics and religion of Sacha and Pampa, the three historical periods in the early period of the regime of the regime of Tibet were the breakthrough point. The political status of the secular aristocracy, as well as the change of political power, was briefly combed and analyzed under the framework of the development and evolution of the local regime at that time. Second In this chapter, the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocrats in the past 1721-1727 years was reviewed. The reasons for the political situation of the secular aristocracy and the reasons for the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy, as well as the adjustment of the local political rights under this system, were emphatically discussed. The formation and development of the contradictions of the secular aristocrats in Tibet were also discussed. The third chapter discusses the further consolidation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy in the 1727-1751 years, and takes the system of the secular aristocracy as the object of the system of the system of the secular aristocracy, and specifically divides it into two times in the period of the ruling period. At the stage, it has carried on the induction and analysis, especially aimed at the development of the contradiction of the monks and customs in different periods. The chapter also summarizes and analyzes the disintegration of the secular aristocracy and its reasons. The fourth chapter focuses on the influence of the secularization of Tibet's political secularization to the social production of Tibet in the 1721-1751 years, and the promotion of the political secularization of the secularization. The systematization of aristocratic hierarchy, the limited maintenance of social stability in Tibet and the three aspects of the Qing Dynasty's evolution of Tibet's governing system were discussed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西藏大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K249
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