【摘要】：宋代前期,民戶(hù)為逃避職役重難,采取私自雇人代應(yīng)州縣役之法,朝廷對(duì)此屢禁不止。熙豐行雇役法后,以往的私雇代役人轉(zhuǎn)換成為官雇役人,人數(shù)與專(zhuān)業(yè)性都得到發(fā)展。元yP時(shí)期朝廷試圖恢復(fù)職役輪差之法,但承認(rèn)私雇代役,于是州縣役的代役人通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)換官雇、私雇,長(zhǎng)期留于州縣,漸與胥吏混同,使得衙前與州縣役不再成為鄉(xiāng)戶(hù)之困,而鄉(xiāng)役給民戶(hù)帶來(lái)的負(fù)擔(dān)卻隨之突顯,私雇代役現(xiàn)象遂有下移至鄉(xiāng)役之勢(shì)。至南宋時(shí)期,鄉(xiāng)役雇值全被挪用,朝廷亦無(wú)法禁絕民戶(hù)私下雇人代應(yīng)保甲鄉(xiāng)役,私雇代役由此成為南宋民戶(hù)應(yīng)對(duì)職役困苦的另一途徑,且向義役滲透,這成為南宋官府安排職役時(shí)不得不考慮的重要因素,也成為后代職役雇役化的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)源。
[Abstract]:In the early Song Dynasty, in order to avoid the civil service, the government took the law of hiring someone to serve the state and county service, and the court repeatedly prohibited it. After Xifeng employment law, the former private servant has been transformed into official servant, and the number and professionalism have been developed. During the Yuan Dynasty, the court tried to restore the law of service rotation, but admitted that they had been employed on behalf of private workers, so the conscripts of state and county service stayed in the state and county for a long time through the transfer of official employment, private employment, and gradually confused with petty officials, so that the government offices and state and county servitude were no longer difficult for rural households. However, the burden brought by rural servitude to the civilian households has been highlighted, and the phenomenon of private employment as substitute service has the tendency of moving down to the rural servitude. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the value of rural servitude was misappropriated, and the court could not forbid the private hiring of people to serve for Baojia, which became another way for civil servants in the Southern Song Dynasty to cope with the hardship of duty service, and infiltrated into the righteous service. This became an important factor to be considered in the arrangement of civil service in the Southern Song Dynasty, and also became the source of experience in the employment and servitude of future generations.
【作者單位】： 中國(guó)人民大學(xué)歷史學(xué)院;
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K244

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