本文選題：民間借貸 + 法律��； 參考：《河北大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：清代前期,民間借貸活動(dòng)空前活躍,社會(huì)再生產(chǎn)、商品流通及城鄉(xiāng)人民生活無(wú)不與民間借貸息息相關(guān),甚至影響到社會(huì)秩序的穩(wěn)定與否。這些都迫使國(guó)家不斷在立法上對(duì)民間借貸活動(dòng)的方方面面進(jìn)行規(guī)范與調(diào)整,以維護(hù)封建統(tǒng)治秩序的穩(wěn)定。 民間借貸的交易主體,可分為借貸主體、借貸客體和中保。對(duì)借貸主體的法律限制如禁止官員不得在任所放貸,禁止內(nèi)地人對(duì)少數(shù)民族重利放貸,禁止放貸人強(qiáng)行索債等。而借貸客體不得欠債不還和抵押非法物品。中保人不得為重利放貸作保,不得為京債和營(yíng)債作保。典當(dāng)是重要的借貸主體,故法律對(duì)典當(dāng)?shù)念I(lǐng)帖經(jīng)營(yíng)、交稅、滿(mǎn)當(dāng)期限等方面皆有細(xì)致的規(guī)定。 利率是借貸的根本事項(xiàng)。民間借貸利率的高低不僅直接關(guān)系著百姓能否借貸和能否順利償貸,而且對(duì)百姓的生產(chǎn)、生活甚至是生存問(wèn)題有著密切的聯(lián)系。因此,對(duì)民間借貸利率的管制和規(guī)范,是清代前期法律關(guān)注的一個(gè)焦點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。一般私人放貸和典當(dāng)是民間借貸的兩大主流,在取利不得超過(guò)三分和一本一利的法定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下,法律在利率設(shè)定、借貸期限、減利等方面積極發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用。此外,在鄉(xiāng)村,谷押借貸的優(yōu)勢(shì)也凸顯出來(lái),勸民質(zhì)谷常是官府積極倡導(dǎo)的一項(xiàng)政策。 當(dāng)鋪管理中難免出現(xiàn)過(guò)失,如當(dāng)鋪被劫、被竊、失火和收受賊贓。遇到這些問(wèn)題,當(dāng)鋪如何賠償當(dāng)戶(hù)的損失和處理贓物,常常出現(xiàn)法律糾紛。法律按照過(guò)失情由、受損當(dāng)物的種類(lèi)、數(shù)量和當(dāng)期的不同分門(mén)別類(lèi),制定不同的賠償規(guī)定。并且,在發(fā)生此類(lèi)案情時(shí),法律對(duì)官員采取的應(yīng)對(duì)措施進(jìn)行法律監(jiān)管。另外,當(dāng)鋪在貨幣運(yùn)用方面,也受到了國(guó)家的支持和某種程度上的限制。 有兩種借貸直接關(guān)系國(guó)家的政治和軍事的安危即京債和營(yíng)債。京債是放貸給在京候選和準(zhǔn)備赴任的官員的一種高利貸。營(yíng)債是圍繞軍營(yíng)發(fā)生的一類(lèi)高利貸,如士兵放貸給百姓、民間當(dāng)鋪或私人放貸給士兵。京債和營(yíng)債影響重大,因此受到法律的極大關(guān)注。
[Abstract]:In the early Qing Dynasty, folk lending activities were unprecedented, social reproduction, commodity circulation and urban and rural people's life are closely related to folk lending, and even affect the stability of social order or not. All these forced the country to regulate and adjust the various aspects of the folk lending in legislation to maintain the stability of the feudal ruling order. The transaction subject of folk loan can be divided into borrowing subject, borrowing object and middle insurance. Legal restrictions on borrowers include a ban on officials from lending money, a ban on mainlanders from lending heavily to ethnic minorities, and a ban on lenders from imposing debt on them. The object of the loan shall not fail to repay or mortgage the illegal goods. The intermediary insurer shall not insure against heavy interest loans, Beijing bonds and operating bonds. Pawnshop is an important subject of borrowing, so the law has detailed regulations on the management of pawnshop, payment of tax, expiration period and so on. Interest rates are fundamental to lending. The level of private lending interest rate is not only directly related to whether people can borrow and can smoothly repay the loan, but also has a close relationship with the production, life and even survival of the common people. Therefore, the regulation and regulation of private lending interest rate is a focus of legal attention in the early Qing Dynasty. General private lending and pawning are the two main streams of private lending. Under the legal standard of taking profit not more than three percent and one interest, the law plays an active role in regulating interest rate setting, borrowing period, reducing interest rate and so on. In addition, in the rural areas, the advantages of Valley lending also highlighted, urging people to often be a policy actively advocated by the government. In pawnshop management, mistakes are inevitable, such as robberies, burglaries, fires, and receiving stolen goods. Encountered these problems, pawnshops how to compensate for the loss and handling stolen goods, often legal disputes. According to the reason of negligence, the law makes different compensation regulations according to the category, quantity and category of the damaged thing. And, in such cases, the law regulates the response taken by officials. In addition, pawnshops in the use of money, also by the support of the state and a certain degree of restrictions. There are two kinds of loans directly related to the political and military security of the country, namely, Beijing debt and debt management. Beijing debt is a loan-sharking loan to candidates and prospective officials in Beijing. Camp debt is a kind of usury around barracks, such as soldiers lending to civilians, folk pawnshops or private loans to soldiers. Beijing debt and debt impact is significant, so the law pays great attention to.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K249;D909.2

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 陸慧;民間融資的法律規(guī)制研究[D];武漢理工大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：1897503