發(fā)布時間：2018-05-13 07:54

  本文選題：唐都長安 + 市場�。� 參考：《陜西師范大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：唐都長安是國際化大都市。由于人口眾多,對商品的需求量很大,故商業(yè)成為長安經(jīng)濟生活的重要內(nèi)容。本文擬在前人研究的基礎上,系統(tǒng)探討唐都長安的商業(yè)管理問題,通過對長安城市場管理、商品管理、商人管理,來重新認識唐都長安的商業(yè)。全文共分為五個部分。 第一部分是緒論。在回顧學術史的基礎上,分析前人在長安商業(yè)研究方面所取得的成就及存在的不足,并介紹本文選題的目的、意義和研究方法。 第二部分論唐長安的市場管理。唐長安城的市場管理體系由市場的規(guī)劃與營建,城市市場官吏設置,市場秩序和市容管理制度三個方面構成。唐政府在汲取前代市場管理經(jīng)驗的基礎上,構建了與唐代經(jīng)濟社會相適應的市場管理體制即坊市制市場管理體制。這種坊市體制在唐前期空前完善,但在唐中后期逐漸被打破。相對而言,其坊市制度被打破的程度要小于其他大中城市。 第三部分論唐長安城商品管理。唐政府對商品的管理,主要是通過法律手段,對商品的質(zhì)量、商品的物價、特殊商品交易過程以及作為特殊商品的貨幣管理進行了嚴格的規(guī)范,從相關法律規(guī)范可以看出唐政府對商品的管理已經(jīng)深入到商品的生產(chǎn)、流通等各環(huán)節(jié)。唐代處于實物貨幣和金屬貨幣并行的時期,唐人稱之為“錢帛兼行”,而隨著商業(yè)的發(fā)展這種貨幣體制不斷地受到?jīng)_擊,主要表現(xiàn)在兩個方面：一是絹帛日益受到排擠。二是私鑄銅錢嚴重。所以唐政府對特殊商品貨幣的管理,也主要是圍繞這兩個問題展開。 第四部分論唐長安城商人管理。主要從市籍制和商稅兩個角度論述了唐代政府對商人管理政策。唐代的市籍制處于衰落時期,它和坊市制體制的衰落是一致的,由此商人多多少少地擺脫了市籍制帶來的身份上的恥辱。本文對唐政府的三種“征商”進行了區(qū)分,一是唐代商人作為封建國家臣民,應繳納的稅收。二是商人在從事商品交換時對他們所征之稅,可以說這才是真正意義上的商稅。三是對商人的超經(jīng)濟剝削所征之稅,對三者的區(qū)分,對正確認識唐代商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展有重要意義。唐政府對特殊商人——胡商在華經(jīng)商的管理政策,主要是胡商在華經(jīng)商必須通過“公驗”和“過所”,此外胡商在華經(jīng)商受到優(yōu)待,享有政治、經(jīng)濟、法律等方面的權益。 第五部分論唐代商業(yè)管理的優(yōu)點與不足�？偟膩碚f,一方面,唐代長安城商業(yè)管理,維護了市場經(jīng)濟所必須的秩序,極大的促進了社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。但另一方面,商業(yè)管理也阻礙了商業(yè)的發(fā)展,商業(yè)管理總體上表現(xiàn)出政治權力對商品交易的嚴密控制,商人因此處處受到限制,商業(yè)交易的自由度也大為降低,市場活動被政治扭曲,因此不可能真正的促進商業(yè)的發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Tang du Changan is an international metropolis. Because of the large population and great demand for commodities, commerce has become an important part of economic life in Changan. On the basis of the previous studies, this paper systematically discusses the commercial management of Changan, through the market management, commodity management, merchant management, to re-understand the business of Changan Tang du. The full text is divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction. On the basis of reviewing the academic history, this paper analyzes the achievements and shortcomings of the forefathers in the commercial research of Changan, and introduces the purpose, significance and research methods of this topic. The second part discusses the market management of Tang Changan. The market management system of Tang Chang'an city consists of three aspects: market planning and construction, city market officials setting up, market order and city appearance management system. On the basis of absorbing the market management experience of the previous generation, the Tang government constructed the market management system which was adapted to the economy and society of the Tang Dynasty, that is, the market management system of the Fang market system. This market system in the early Tang Dynasty unprecedented perfect, but in the late Tang Dynasty was gradually broken. Relatively speaking, its market system is broken to a lesser extent than other large and medium-sized cities. The third part discusses the commodity management of Changan City in Tang Dynasty. The management of commodities by the Tang government was strictly regulated by legal means, such as the quality of commodities, the price of commodities, the process of dealing in special commodities and the monetary management as special commodities. It can be seen from the relevant laws and regulations that the management of commodities by the Tang government has penetrated into the production and circulation of commodities and so on. The Tang Dynasty was in the parallel period of real money and metal currency, which the Tang people called "money and silk", but with the development of commerce, the monetary system was constantly impacted, mainly in two aspects: first, silk was increasingly excluded. Second, private casting of copper money is serious. Therefore, the Tang government's management of special commodity currency, mainly around these two issues. The fourth part discusses the business management of Tang Chang'an City. This paper mainly discusses the management policy of the Tang Dynasty government to the businessman from the two angles of the city register system and the commercial tax. The city register system in the Tang Dynasty was in the decline period, which was consistent with the decline of the Fang market system, so the merchants more or less got rid of the identity shame brought about by the market register system. This paper distinguishes the three kinds of "levy merchants" of the Tang government. One is the tax revenue that the merchants of Tang Dynasty should pay as subjects of the feudal state. The other is the tax that merchants impose on them when they are engaged in commodity exchange, which can be said to be the real commercial tax. Third, the tax levied on the super economic exploitation of merchants and the distinction among the three are of great significance to the correct understanding of the development of the commodity economy in the Tang Dynasty. The management policy of the Tang government to the special businessman-Hu merchant doing business in China is mainly that the Hu merchant must pass "public inspection" and "get over the place" in order to do business in China, in addition, Hu merchant is given preferential treatment to do business in China and enjoys political, economic, legal and other rights and interests. The fifth part discusses the advantages and disadvantages of commercial management in Tang Dynasty. In general, on the one hand, the commercial management of Changan City in Tang Dynasty maintained the necessary order of market economy and greatly promoted the development of social economy. But on the other hand, commercial management also hindered the development of commerce. In general, commercial management showed the tight control of political power over the trading of commodities. As a result, businessmen were restricted everywhere, and the freedom of commercial transactions was greatly reduced. Market activity is distorted by politics, so it is impossible to really promote the development of business.
【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K242;F729

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