發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-29 04:20

  本文選題：金屬復(fù)合管　切入點(diǎn)：水下爆炸焊接　出處：《中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：金屬復(fù)合管是由兩種或兩種以上不同金屬管材構(gòu)成,由于其綜合了基、覆管金屬的優(yōu)點(diǎn),具有單一金屬管材不具備的綜合性能。通過不同金屬之間的組合可獲得耐高溫、耐磨損、高比強(qiáng)度、高導(dǎo)電性等性能優(yōu)異的金屬復(fù)合管,被廣泛應(yīng)用于城市建設(shè)、石油天然氣行業(yè)、化工行業(yè)、能源環(huán)保、核設(shè)施以及航空航天等領(lǐng)域。制造金屬復(fù)合管的工藝有很多種,包括拉拔法、脹接法、旋壓法、熱擠壓法、爆炸復(fù)合法、離心鋁熱法、中頻感應(yīng)加熱釬焊法以及堆焊成型法等。其中爆炸復(fù)合法因其可實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)百種金屬組合的復(fù)合,成為金屬復(fù)合工藝中最具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ囊恢�。爆炸�?fù)合又稱為爆炸焊接,是利用炸藥爆炸產(chǎn)生的能量來驅(qū)動覆板(管)以某一合適的速度撞擊基板(管),從而使兩板(管)形成牢固結(jié)合的一種工藝。經(jīng)過七十多年的研究和發(fā)展,爆炸復(fù)合工藝得到了快速的發(fā)展,特別是金屬板的爆炸復(fù)合已經(jīng)形成了一定的規(guī)模。與金屬板的爆炸復(fù)合工藝相比,金屬圓管的爆炸復(fù)合工藝更為復(fù)雜。除了板材復(fù)合時(shí)遇到的炸藥用量大、能量利用率低、振動大、粉塵噪聲污染嚴(yán)重等問題外,管材的內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合通常還面臨著裝藥困難、裝藥不均勻、內(nèi)管壁燒蝕嚴(yán)重、模具通用性差和模具損耗嚴(yán)重等問題。而關(guān)于金屬圓管的外包爆炸復(fù)合,可查的文獻(xiàn)十分有限,這方面的研究工作進(jìn)展緩慢。本文圍繞金屬圓管爆炸復(fù)合存在的主要問題,以實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)�；�工業(yè)生產(chǎn)為主要目標(biāo)開展工作。目前用于金屬爆炸復(fù)合的焊接炸藥主要有乳化炸藥、膨化硝銨炸藥以及膨化銨油炸藥,以這些炸藥為基通過現(xiàn)場篩混的辦法添加調(diào)節(jié)劑配制的爆炸焊接炸藥存在貯存穩(wěn)定性差、均勻性差以及爆轟不穩(wěn)定等問題,嚴(yán)重影響爆炸焊接質(zhì)量且不利于安全生產(chǎn)。將這類炸藥用于金屬圓管的內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合時(shí),由于圓管結(jié)構(gòu)的半封閉性和炸藥的粘附性,會造成裝藥困難以及裝藥不均勻。而且上述炸藥的穩(wěn)定爆轟臨界尺寸較大,這就要求裝藥必須保證足夠的厚度,為克服超藥量引起的管體破裂問題,通常會在基管外施加鋼模約束。而這種約束的通用性差,對于不同直徑的基管都需要與之配套的約束鋼模,在爆炸載荷的作用下模具損耗嚴(yán)重、壽命較短。此外,炸藥在圓管這一半密閉結(jié)構(gòu)中爆炸會形成數(shù)千攝氏度的高溫,造成復(fù)合管內(nèi)壁出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的燒蝕現(xiàn)象,增加了復(fù)合管二次加工成本。本文從金屬導(dǎo)爆索出發(fā),通過工藝的創(chuàng)新和配方的改進(jìn)得到金屬爆炸索,將這一原本用于傳擴(kuò)、爆的爆破器材變成金屬圓管的爆炸焊接炸藥。金屬爆炸索具有能量密度高、穩(wěn)定爆轟臨界直徑小、爆速合理、安全可靠等優(yōu)點(diǎn),可長期貯存和遠(yuǎn)距離運(yùn)輸并能實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。其作為一種柱狀結(jié)構(gòu)炸藥,解決了金屬圓管內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合時(shí)裝藥困難、裝藥不均勻的問題。基于在金屬圓管爆炸焊接炸藥上取得的新思路和新突破,為解決金屬圓管內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合時(shí)出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)管壁燒蝕損傷問題,本文開展了內(nèi)管壁的防護(hù)研究。在防護(hù)材料的選擇方面以廉價(jià)、來源廣、使用方便、復(fù)合效果好作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行篩選,通過綜合分析最終選擇液態(tài)水作為防護(hù)材料。在此基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計(jì)了金屬圓管的水下內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合系統(tǒng),并以Q235鋼管、1060鋁管為基、覆管進(jìn)行了水下內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合系統(tǒng)可行性試驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示,鋁-鋼復(fù)合管內(nèi)表面未出現(xiàn)任何的燒蝕損傷現(xiàn)象,壓剪實(shí)驗(yàn)表明鋁-鋼復(fù)合管的結(jié)合強(qiáng)度達(dá)到3.27MPa,遠(yuǎn)高于CJ/T192-2004標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和SY/T6623標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的0.2MPa和0.5MPa。可行性試驗(yàn)說明水下內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合系統(tǒng)可有效解決內(nèi)管壁的燒蝕損傷問題,復(fù)合管結(jié)合強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)高于城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)行業(yè)和石油天然氣行業(yè)兩大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外,以Q235鋼管、1060鋁管為基、覆管探究了炸藥量對復(fù)合管的影響,使用四種不同規(guī)格的爆炸索對未做深度表面清潔處理的基、覆管進(jìn)行了水下內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)使用外徑為5mm、線密度約為14.7g/m的爆炸索時(shí)獲得的鋁-鋼復(fù)合管結(jié)合質(zhì)量優(yōu)異,對其結(jié)合界面進(jìn)行的微觀形貌觀察顯示,鋁-鋼結(jié)合界面呈現(xiàn)波狀特征,從波長和波幅判斷,該波狀結(jié)合界面為一種介于微波和小波之間的混合波狀結(jié)合界面,與大波狀或小波狀結(jié)合界面相比,這種波狀結(jié)合界面通常表示復(fù)合管具有更高的結(jié)合強(qiáng)度。通過對經(jīng)典波狀結(jié)合界面形成機(jī)理的探討,本文給出了復(fù)合管不規(guī)則波狀結(jié)合界面形成的主要原因。在金屬圓管的內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合試驗(yàn)中,常出現(xiàn)復(fù)合管末端開裂現(xiàn)象。本文開創(chuàng)性的將PVDF壓電薄膜傳感器用于爆炸復(fù)合動態(tài)參數(shù)的測量,對于缺乏動態(tài)觀測方法的金屬圓管的爆炸復(fù)合研究來說意義重大。利用PVDF壓電薄膜傳感器測量了鋁-鋼水下內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合過程中鋁層對鋼層的撞擊壓力,結(jié)果表明金屬圓管的內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合過程中覆管對基管的撞擊壓力沿炸藥爆轟方向呈現(xiàn)遞增趨勢。在對復(fù)合管初始端、中段和末端結(jié)合界面的微觀形貌觀察顯示:結(jié)合界面由初始端的帶有鋼碎片的裂隙界面轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹卸蔚钠街苯缑?最后在爆轟結(jié)束端呈現(xiàn)為波狀結(jié)合界面。上述結(jié)合界面微觀形貌的變化過程直觀的反應(yīng)了金屬圓管內(nèi)爆炸復(fù)合過程撞擊壓力和能量的變化。對于這一現(xiàn)象本文從水下沖擊波在復(fù)合管內(nèi)壁的反射過程出發(fā)做出了解釋。這一現(xiàn)象的研究有助于改變裝藥結(jié)構(gòu),節(jié)約炸藥用量并提高復(fù)合質(zhì)量�；�于金屬圓管的外爆炸復(fù)合研究現(xiàn)狀,以熱交換系統(tǒng)中廣泛使用的換熱管為應(yīng)用背景,通過對金屬爆炸索裝藥結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,設(shè)計(jì)了一種非對稱的金屬圓管外爆炸復(fù)合系統(tǒng),并利用該工藝將1070鋁管外包復(fù)合于10100螺紋銅管,獲得了鋁-銅雙金屬復(fù)合管。對復(fù)合管樣品的大角度三點(diǎn)彎實(shí)驗(yàn)展示了鋁-銅復(fù)合管優(yōu)良的宏觀力學(xué)性能。對彎曲后的試樣進(jìn)行取樣,利用掃描電子顯微鏡對其結(jié)合界面進(jìn)行觀察,結(jié)果顯示鋁層的一部分已經(jīng)完全被壓入銅管螺紋的凹陷處,形成了鋁層與銅層的嚙合,兩種金屬的大部分結(jié)合界面為直接結(jié)合,但在一些銅層凹陷處產(chǎn)生了金屬的熔化塊和熔化層。鋁層與銅管螺紋頂部平臺結(jié)合界面的高倍率背散射照片顯示:即使在彎曲實(shí)驗(yàn)后,具有微波狀特征的結(jié)合界面依然保持緊密的結(jié)合,未出現(xiàn)分離現(xiàn)象。而鋁層與銅管螺紋凹陷處的結(jié)合界面存在大面積的熔化塊和熔化層,在這些熔化區(qū)存在微裂紋和空洞,表明該區(qū)域?yàn)殇X·銅復(fù)合管結(jié)合界面的薄弱區(qū)。利用能譜儀對這一區(qū)域進(jìn)行元素定量分析,結(jié)果顯示裂紋附近區(qū)域的Al、Cu原子百分比約為2:1,這與金屬間化合物CuAl2一致,而CuAl2是一種脆性的金屬間化合物,這也是裂紋在這些區(qū)域產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展的內(nèi)在因素。
[Abstract]:Metal composite pipe is composed of two or more than two kinds of metal pipe, due to its complex medium, metal clad tube has the advantages of comprehensive performance, with a single metal pipe has not. Through the combination between the different metals can obtain high temperature resistance, abrasion resistance, high strength, high conductivity metal composite pipe properties excellent, is widely used in city construction, petroleum industry, chemical industry, energy and environmental protection, nuclear facilities and aerospace fields. The process for making metal composite pipe has many kinds, including drawing method, expansion method, spinning method, hot extrusion, explosive bonding, centrifugal thermit process, intermediate frequency the induction heating brazing and welding molding method. The composite method because it can achieve hundreds of composite metal combination, become a metal composite technology with the most potential for development. Also known as explosive composite explosive welding, is the use of explosives Fried the energy to drive plate (tube) at an appropriate speed impact substrate (tube), so that the two plate (tube) to form a solid combination process. After more than 70 years of research and development, technology of explosive composite has been rapid development, especially the explosive composite metal plate has been formed a certain scale. Compared with the composite technology of explosive metal plate, metal round tube explosion composite process is more complex. In addition to the plate when the composite explosive consumption, low utilization ratio of energy, vibration, dust and noise pollution problems, tube explosion in composite often confront drug difficulties. The charge is not uniform, the inner tube wall erosion, the serious problem of poor universality of mould and die loss. And on outsourcing compound explosion metal tube, the available literature is very limited, the progress of the research work in this field. This paper focuses on the metal round slowly The main problems existing of explosive composite pipe, in order to achieve large-scale industrial production as the main target to carry out the work. The explosive used for welding metal composlte mainly in emulsion explosive, expanded ammonium nitrate explosive and expanding ANFO explosive, explosive based on these through the sieve mixed way adding regulators explosion exists poor storage stability of explosive welding that poor uniformity and detonation instability problems, seriously affect the welding quality and is not conducive to safe production. This kind of composite explosives for explosive metal pipe, due to adhesion of semi closed and explosive tube structure, will cause the charge charge difficult and uneven. And the explosive detonation critical size is large, which requires charge must ensure sufficient thickness for pipe rupture caused by super dose to overcome, usually in the base tube is applied to steel mould The versatility of this constraint constraint. The difference for constrained steel mould of different diameter tube are matched with the need, in serious explosion load die loss, short service life. In addition, the explosive in pipe explosion in this half closed structure will form a high temperature thousands of degrees Celsius, resulting in a composite pipe the ablation phenomenon occurs serious, has increased two times. The machining cost of composite pipe from the metal detonating cord, by improving the technological innovation and the formulation of the metal cable explosion, this was originally used in the transmission and amplification of blasting equipment, blasting into metal tube explosive welding. Explosive explosive metal cable with high energy density steady detonation, small critical diameter, the detonation velocity is reasonable, safe and reliable, long-term storage and long-distance transportation and industrial production can be realized. As a columnar structure of explosives, solve the metal tube explosion composite fashion The medicine is difficult, the problem of uneven charge. New ideas and new breakthroughs in metal tube explosive based on the explosive welding, in order to solve the problem of tube wall ablation damage metal tube explosion in the composite, this thesis carried out the research of protective tube wall. In terms of the protection material selection to cheap wide source, easy to use, good compounding effect as the standard for screening, through a comprehensive analysis of the final choice of liquid water as protective materials. On this basis, the design of metal tube water composite system under explosion, and to Q235 steel, 1060 Aluminum base, covering tube composite system feasibility test, underwater explosion in the results show that the aluminum steel composite pipe inner surface does not appear to damage any ablation pressure shear experiments show that the combination of aluminum and steel composite pipe strength reached 3.27MPa, far higher than the CJ/T192-2004 standard and SY/T6623 standard 0.2MPa and 0.5M Pa. feasibility test showed that the damage can effectively solve the problem of inner pipe wall composite system of underwater explosion in the composite pipe bonding strength is much higher than that of urban construction industry and the oil and gas industry. In addition to the two standard, Q235 steel, 1060 Aluminum Clad Tube as the base, to explore the impact of the amount of explosives composite pipe, the use of four different specifications of cable explosion did not deal with clean surface depth, covering tube of explosive composite under water. Experimental results show that when using the outside diameter 5mm, line density is about 14.7g/m cable explosion when aluminum steel composite pipe with excellent quality, microstructure of interface observation shows that aluminum steel interface shows wave characteristics from the wavelength and amplitude of the wavy judgment, binding interface for mixed wavy between microwave and wavelet, compared with wavy or small wavy interface, this A wavy interface usually indicates that the composite pipe has higher bond strength. Based on the classic wavy interface with the formation of the discussion of the mechanism, this paper gives the main reasons of irregular wavy interface of composite tube formation. In metal pipe explosion composite test, often appear at the end of the tube composite cracking phenomenon. The article groundbreaking the PVDF piezoelectric film sensor for measuring the dynamic parameters of composite explosion, for lack of dynamic observation method of metal pipe explosion composite research is of great significance. The piezoelectric film sensor to measure the aluminum layer of steel composite layer of aluminum - Steel under explosive impact pressure by PVDF, the results show that the metal tube inside the explosion cladding tube on the impact pressure of the base pipe along the detonation direction showed an increasing trend during the compound process. In the end of the initial microstructure of composite pipe, the middle and end interface view 瀵熸樉紺，

本文編號：1679532