本文選題：中國 + 20世紀60年代　； 參考：《中國社會科學院研究生院》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 本文試圖從歷史的角度對20世紀60年代中國的國家安全進行回顧與反思,通過外交、軍事等視角,從中國與美國、蘇聯(lián)、印度、中國臺灣之間的安全關系出發(fā),研究這一時期的國家安全政策,并為21世紀的中國國家安全政策提供建議和參考。本論文的理論和實踐意義在于歸納總結20世紀60年代中國的國家安全政策。 20世紀60年代,毛澤東的國家安全思想主要包括:(1)強烈的國家主權意識;(2)充分的戰(zhàn)爭準備思想;(3)原則性和靈活性相結合的策略;(4)戰(zhàn)爭根源來自帝國主義;(5)積極防御、誘敵深入、頂放結合、人民戰(zhàn)爭相結合的國防戰(zhàn)略;(6)妥善處理經濟建設和國防建設的關系;(7)關注國內政權的穩(wěn)固,警惕“黨變修、國變色”。 20世紀60年代,是中國安全環(huán)境最為復雜、國家安全面臨最大威脅的時期。中國的防御地區(qū)從東南沿海轉移到北部,主要防御國家從美國到美蘇,尤其是蘇聯(lián),中國抵抗住了來自美蘇的壓力。 20世紀60年代的中國國家安全的主要特點是:(1)威脅來源是傳統(tǒng)安全領域,主要是軍事安全,即外敵對中國的軍事入侵;(2)主要威脅國家先是美國,后是蘇聯(lián);(3)國家安全的基本內容,是維護國家的生存安全,維護國家的統(tǒng)一和領土完整;(4)維護安全的手段主要通過加強戰(zhàn)備,防止或遏制戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā),爭取和平的國際環(huán)境。 20世紀60年代,中國在外交和軍事領域調整了政策和發(fā)展方向,為應對巨大的戰(zhàn)爭壓力作好了充分的準備。中國領導人判斷,中國有可能將面臨一場全面戰(zhàn)爭。毛澤東放棄“一邊倒”的對外政策,提出了“兩個拳頭打人”的戰(zhàn)略,既反對美國,又反對蘇聯(lián),在國際上建立反霸統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線。加強了中國同亞非拉國家的關系,改善了同日本和西歐的關系。20世紀60年代后期,中國領導人開始意識到必須同時調整與美、蘇兩個超級大國為敵的思路,避免承受雙重壓力。 在國防尖端武器建設方面,中國加強了“兩彈”、核潛艇等的研制工作,提高了中國國防實力,提高了中國的國際地位。歷史經驗證明,要想不受制于人,必須要擁有遏制戰(zhàn)爭的威懾手段、具備打贏戰(zhàn)爭的實力。 20世紀60年代,毛澤東把維護國家安全作為中國的根本宗旨,強敵始終不敢將戰(zhàn)火始終燒到中國境內。20世紀60年代,中國在捍衛(wèi)國家主權和領土完整的戰(zhàn)備中,積累了豐富的經驗;立足于最困難、最復雜的情況,做好軍事斗爭準備;堅持人民戰(zhàn)爭思想;實行后發(fā)制人的防御政策。20世紀60年代,面對嚴峻的國家安全形勢,國防動員體制和國防建設進入了超常規(guī)發(fā)展階段;發(fā)展尖端武器;根據(jù)我國不同戰(zhàn)略方向面臨不同任務的特點,實行重點設防,重點守備。正是由于以毛澤東為核心的中共中央臨危不懼,運籌帷幄,積極備戰(zhàn),正是由于中國從精神和物質方面做好了隨時準備打仗的充分準備,才有效地遏止了美蘇可能對我國發(fā)動的戰(zhàn)爭,保證了中國的國家安全和社會主義建設的順利進行。 20世紀60年代,中國在捍衛(wèi)國家主權、安全和領土完整的戰(zhàn)斗中,積累了豐富的經驗。20世紀60年代中國國家安全政策的經驗與不足,都是今天我們進行國家安全問題研究可資借鑒的寶貴財富。
[Abstract]:This article attempts to review and reflect on the national security of China in the 1960s from the historical perspective, and through the diplomatic and military perspectives, from the security relations between China and the United States, the Soviet Union, India and Taiwan, China, studies the national security policy of this period, and provides suggestions and reference for the national security policy of China in twenty-first Century. The theoretical and practical significance of this thesis is to sum up the national security policy of China in 1960s.
In 1960s, Mao Zedong's national security thought mainly included: (1) strong national sovereignty consciousness; (2) full war preparation thought; (3) the strategy of combination of principle and flexibility; (4) the root of the war came from imperialism; (5) the defense strategy of active defense, the integration of the enemy and the combination of the people's war; and (6) the proper handling of the economy. The relationship between construction and national defense construction; (7) concerned about the stability of the domestic regime and vigilance against "changing the party and developing the country".
In 1960s, China's security environment was the most complicated and national security was facing the greatest threat. China's defense areas moved from the southeast coast to the north, the main defense countries from the United States to the Soviet Union, especially the Soviet Union, and China resisted the pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union.
The main characteristics of China National Security in 1960s are: (1) the threat source is the traditional security field, mainly military security, that is, the military invasion of the foreign enemy to China; (2) the main threat to the state first is the United States, then the Soviet Union; (3) the basic content of national security is to safeguard the state's survival and security, maintain national unity and territorial integrity; (4) The means of maintaining security mainly depend on strengthening combat readiness, preventing or curbing the outbreak of war, and striving for a peaceful international environment.
In 1960s, China has adjusted its policy and development direction in the diplomatic and military fields to fully prepare for the huge war pressure. China's leaders judge that China is likely to face a comprehensive war. Mao Zedong gave up the "one-sided" foreign policy and put forward the strategy of "two fist beating people", against the United States. The country, against the Soviet Union, established the anti hegemony United Front in the world, strengthened the relationship between China and the Asian African countries, improved the relations with Japan and Western Europe in the late 60s of the.20 century, and the Chinese leaders began to realize that they must simultaneously adjust their thinking to the United States and the two superpowers of the Soviet Union and avoid double pressure.
In the field of national defense weapon construction, China has strengthened the development of "two bombs" and "nuclear submarines" and so on. It has raised China's national defense strength and improved its international status. Historical experience has proved that in order to avoid people, it must have a deterrent means to contain the war and have the strength to win the war.
In 1960s, Mao Zedong took the fundamental purpose of safeguarding national security as China. The enemy was always afraid to burn the war to China in the 60s.20 century. China has accumulated rich experience in defending national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and based on the most difficult and most complicated situation, prepare for military struggle; adhere to the people. In the 60s of.20, in the face of severe national security situation, the defense mobilization system and national defense construction entered the ultra normal development stage in the face of the severe national security situation in the 60s. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is fearless, strategizing and actively preparing for war. It is precisely because China has made full preparations for the war at any time in terms of spirit and material. It has effectively suppressed the possible war launched by the United States and the Soviet Union and ensured the smooth progress of China's national security and the construction of social justice.
In 1960s, China has accumulated rich experience and insufficient experience of China's national security policy in the 60s.20 century in the fight to defend national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, which are valuable assets for reference to our national security research today.
【學位授予單位】：中國社會科學院研究生院
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D631

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